Пиши Дома Нужные Работы

Обратная связь

Variable Valve Timing and Lift

The simplest implementation of variable valve timing started about 25 years ago, using a two-position advance or delay of either an engine intake or exhaust camshaft to better match the engine operating conditions. Today, most four-valve-per-cylinder DOHC engines have continuously variable phasing on both the intake and the exhaust camshafts.

About 20 years ago, Honda introduced its VTEC system, which shifted between two (and later, three) separate sets of cam lobes—one for high-speed operation and one for low. VTEC can also simply turn off one of a cylinder two intake valves under light loads. In 2001, BMW went a step further with its Valvetronic system, which can continuously vary the opening stroke of the intake valves to optimize engine power and efficiency. Furthermore, this extensive control of the intake valves serves to replace a throttle plate, which eliminates vacuum and therefore reduces pumping losses.

But variable-lift systems are complex and expensive. Development continues on purely electronic systems that could replace camshafts and simply open and close an engine valves according to a computer. But electronic valve-opening mechanisms are also costly and consume significant power. Dan Hancock considers that a two-stage valve-lift mechanism can deliver 90 % of the benefits of fully variable lift. Moreover, Ford’s Dan Kapp says that the benefits of variable valve lift are limited when combined with EcoBoost (DI turbo).

On the other hand, BMW, with its latest single-turbo, direct-injection 3.0-liter inline-six (N55) has done just that by adding Valvetronic to its DI-turbo configuration. Combined with the move from a six-speed automatic to an eight-speed, the change is said to provide 10 % more miles per gallon.

(to be continued)

 

Notes:

configuration [kqn"fIgq'reISqn] n. конфигурация

phasing ['feIzIN] n. фазирование

 

Задания по тексту

 

1. Переведите текст.

2. Составьте план текста из 6-8 пунктов.

3. Пользуясь составленным Вами планом, кратко изложите содержание текста на русском языке.

Лексическое упражнение

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Дайте синонимы подчёркнутых слов и антонимы слов, выделенных курсивом.

furthermore,implementation, continue, according to, consume, turn off, exhaust camshaft, variable, provide, therefore, replace, opening, pumping losses, delay, match, costly, valve lift, оn the other hand, significant,vary, extensive, direct-injection 3.0-liter inline-six (engine).



 

Текст C

 

THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE(continued)

Current Solutions

Direct-Injection Turbo

Modern engines achieve power levels that we could only dream about 20 years ago. The downside is that during usual driving 300-hp engines are inefficient when they’re only putting out the 30 ponies needed to push an average sedan down the highway. When an engine’s throttle is only cracked open, there’s a strong vacuum in the intake manifold. During the intake stroke, as the pistons suck against this vacuum, efficiency is low.

The classic solution to this problem is to make an engine smaller. A small engine works harder, running with less vacuum, and is consequently more efficient. But small engines make less power than big ones.

To make big-engine power with small-engine fuel economy, many companies are turning to smaller engines with turbochargers, direct fuel injection, and variable valve timing. These three technologies work together to their combined benefit.

Forcing additional air into an engine’s combustion chambers with a turbocharger definitely boosts power; car manufacturers have been doing this for years. But in the past, in order to avoid harmful detonation, turbocharged engines needed lower compression ratios, which compromised efficiency.

Direct fuel injection helps to solve this problem by cooling the intake charge to minimize detonation. Second, if the variable valve timing extends the time when both the intake and the exhaust valves are open, the turbocharger can blow fresh air through the cylinder to completely remove the hot gases left from the previous combustion cycle. And since the injectors squirt fuel only after the valves close, none of it escapes through the exhaust valve.

The first engine in America with all three of these elements was the base 2.0-liter four-cylinder in the 2006 Audi A4. It had a 10.5:1 compression ratio despite a peak boost pressure of 11.6 psi. It produced 200 horsepower and 207 pound-feet of torque.

Ford’s EcoBoost system is nothing more than direct injection and turbocharging. In the future, Ford expects to replace its 5.4-liter V-8 with a 3.5-liter EcoBoost V-6; its 3.5-liter V-6 with a 2.2-liter EcoBoost inline-four; and its 2.5-liter inline-four with a 1.6-liter EcoBoost inline-four. In each downsizing, peak power should be similar, low-end torque should be about 30 percent greater, and fuel economy should be 10-to-20 percent higher.

BMW, Mercedes, Toyota, and Volkswagen are planning similar engines, some using superchargers instead of turbochargers. Turbocharging with direct injection will continue to expand.

Later in the decade, we will see a second generation of these engines, using higher boost pressures. This will allow further engine downsizing to achieve an additional 10-percent efficiency improvement.

Making this happen will require cooled exhaust-gas recirculation to control detonation and either staged or variable-geometry turbos to limit customary lag. Those technologies are already in use on diesel engines, but a gas engine’s higher exhaust temperatures cause durability problems that must be solved before carmakers can deploy these technologies.

 

Variable Displacement

Another way to improve the efficiency of a big engine is to turn off some of its cylinders. Since the throttle must be opened farther to get the same power from the remaining cylinders, intake-manifold vacuum goes down and efficiency goes up.

In real-world driving, this can produce a fuel-economy improvement of five percent, at a fairly low cost. The technology is particularly cost effective on pushrod, two-valve engines, which is why we’ve seen variable displacement on GM and Chrysler V-8s.

Honda uses variable displacement on its 24-valve V-6 engines, but the additional hardware to close the multiplicity of valves adds cost. Moreover, shutting off some cylinders on a V-6 generates more vibration and noise problems than it does with a V-8 because V-6s have rougher firing impulses and poorer inherent balance. The active engine mounts and variable intake manifolds needed to solve these problems add further costs.

(to be continued)

Notes:

cracked open [krxkt'qVpqn] adj. чуть приоткрытый

definitely ['defInItlI] adv. определённо

downsizing ['daVnsaIzIN] n. уменьшение (объёма двигателя)

dream [drJm] v. мечтать

inherent [In'hIqrqnt] adj. изначальный

multiplicity ["mAltI'plIsItI] n. множество

past [pRst] n. прошлое

 

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. When does engine efficiency suffer?

2. Why is a small engine more effective?

3. How do engineers combine big-engine power with small-engine fuel economy?

4. What was the drawback of turbocharged engines?

5. What can direct fuel injection do to solve this problem?

6. How can variable valve timing help?

7. What does the 2006 Audi A4 feature?

8. What is Ford’s EcoBoost system?

9. What are the plans of other automakers?

10. What will further development of turbocharging require?

11. What is another way to improve the efficiency of a big engine?

12. What problems does shutting off the cylinders generate?

Лексическое упражнение

 

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которые использованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найдите их перевод в списке В.

 


Урок 4.5

Текст А

FORD MUSTANG

 

For 2007, the 210-hp Mustang V6 and 300-hp Mustang GT are joined by the new 500-hp supercharged Shelby GT500, offering its own look, tuning, and equipment. Today's Mustang is faster and more agile than ever being a thoroughly modern car. It's smoother and quieter and better built than older models.

The Mustang comes in two body styles: coupe and convertible. Each is available with a V6 or a V8. A five-speed manual transmission is standard, a five-speed automatic being optional. The 2007 Mustangs come in two trim levels each for the V6 and for the V8-powered GT.

Safety features on all Mustangs include dual-stage front-impact airbags and three-point belts for all seats. Antilock brakes and traction control are standard on GTs and optional on V6 models. Front passenger side-impact airbags are optional on all models. They offer torso protection in a side impact.

The Mustang is based on the same mechanical platform as the Jaguar S-Type, although with some cost-trimming measures such as its live-axle rear suspension.

Relative to previous Mustangs, everything under the car has been substantially upgraded. The brakes are bigger by nearly 20 percent. A completely new front and rear suspension yields a much quieter, smoother ride as well as much more precise steering during hard cornering. New engines deliver performance with efficiency. Optional antilock brakes together with traction control give a chance in bad situations.

All Mustang engines are secured to the body with hydraulic mounts, which absorb and counteract vibration and pulsing.

The Shelby GT500 stands out with a unique front grille and bumper fascia, providing both a functionally larger and unimpeded air intake, while reducing air flow under the body.

The 107-inch wheelbase and 187.6-inch overall length of the current model are the longest of any Mustang since 1973, and are within an inch of the dimensions of the 1969-70 model. But Ford has learned something about space efficiency since then, so today's Mustang offers more front-seat hip, leg, elbow and shoulder room than any previous generation.

The Mustang improves those things that have appealed to so many different kinds of drivers for more than 40 years, and it nearly eliminates the bad traits of traditional pony cars. In general, the good has gotten better and the bad, less so.

(to be continued)

Notes:

appeal [q'pJl] v. привлекать, нравиться

convertible [kqn'vWtIbql] n. кабриолет

counteract ["kaVntqr'xkt] v. нейтрализовать

elbow ['elbqV] n. локоть

hip [hIp] n. бедро

learn [lWn] v. научиться

shoulder ['SqVldq] n. плечо

trait [treIt] n. особенность

tuning ['tjHnIN] n. тюнинг (доработка с целью улучшения потребительских качеств)

unimpeded ["AnIm'pJdId] беспрепятственный, свободный

 

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. What are the main characteristics of the new Shelby GT 500?

2. What body styles does the Mustang come in?

3. What do safety features include?

4. How does the new model differ from previous Mustang?

5. Why does the Shelby GT 500 stand out?

6. What are the dimensions of the current model as compared to the previous ones?

7. How has the interior space changed?

8. What is the general tendency of the Mustang’s improvements?

 

Фонетическое задание

 

Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.

 

['xGaIl]; [sqb'stxnSqlI]; [jH'nJk]; ['tLsqV]; [tjHnIN]; [vaI'breISqn]; ['sHpq"CRGd]; ['TArqlI]

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания.

 

agile (n.), bumper (n.), leg (n.), room (n.), stand out(v.), substantially (adv.), thing (n.), trim (n.), unique (adj.), upgrade (n., v.), wheelbase (n.).

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

 

бампер, боковой удар, больше на 20%, ведущий мост, воздухозабор, выделяться, гидравлическая опора, дополнительный, значительно, колёсная база, крепить, мера безопасности, модернизировать, оборудование, поэтапно-управляемые подушки безопасности, проворный, регулирование тягового усилия, резкий поворот, собственный, сокращать расходы, устранять, фронтальные подушки безопасности, чем когда-либо.

 

Упражнение 3. Выберите толкование, которое соответствует термину в левой колонке, и переведите его на русский язык. Дайте однокоренные слова к термину, помеченному звёздочкой (*).

 

 

 

Упражнение 4. Определите: есть ли ошибки в переводе представленных ниже слов. Если ошибки имеются, укажите правильный перевод.

Грамматические упражнения

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на Participle I и его функции.

 

1. A five-speed manual transmission is standard, a five-speed automatic being optional.

2. The shifting movements of the power train can impede handling dynamics and steering accuracy.

3. Being electrical solenoids fuel injectors are arranged in the intake manifold behind each intake valve.

4. BMW, Mercedes, Toyota, and Volkswagen are planning similar engines, some using superchargers instead of turbochargers.

5. Cruising along at 75 mph in sixth gear, 3500 rpm, you can press the throttle without downshifting.

6. The SKY-G is the gasoline-burning engine.

7. PowerShift basically operates like two manual transmissions working in parallel.

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите прилагательные c суффиксами -al,

-able, -ive. Определите от каких слов они образованы.

 

acceptable, accidental, active, adaptive, adjustable, beneficial, central, comfortable, considerable, critical, effective, excessive, experimental, frontal, functional, noticeable, objective, progressive, reasonable, reliable,

responsive, suitable, torsional, variable.

 

Текст В

2007 FORD MUSTANG(continued)

The previous-generation Mustang was still built around a body shell that comes from 1979. Ford claims the current Mustang's body/frame is 31 % stiffer and it feels it. This Mustang is simply much more rigid and rattle-free than its predecessor. A rigid frame provides the basis for a lot of good things, including improved ride quality, sharper handling, and less interior vibration.

The rear suspension uses coil springs and a lightweight three-link design with a Panhard bar to keep all motion under constant control.

The 4.0-liter V6 engine is a solid performer for urban, exurban and suburban driving. The ratios in the five-speed automatic transmission are well matched to the available torque. When the automatic gets into overdrive fifth gear, the engine goes quietly into economy mode until called upon for a lane change, a pass, or an uphill charge. Yet it rates 19/25 city/highway mpg with the automatic transmission, and 19/28 mpg with the manual.

The V6 Deluxe is the most popular model. It delivers good torque, good acceleration and generally good road manners. And while it has less power than the V8 and smaller tires, the V6 seems slightly better to turn in for corners, a bit more agile than the nose-heavy GT. (The GT weighs about 150 pounds more, and almost all of that is on the front wheels.)

The GT, on the other hand, is a 300-hp, five-speed sporty. The three-valve-per-cylinder V8 engine features both variable camshaft timing and electronic throttle control. The Mustang GT will run 0-60 mph in about 5.5 seconds; it will out-brake a large number of sporty cars; and it handles better on canyon roads that any previous Mustang GT, with a minimum of body roll and a large portion of tire grip. Expect 17/23 mpg with the automatic, 17/25 with the manual.

Notes:

canyon ['kxnjqn] n. каньон, глубокое ущелье

exurban [ek'sWbqn] adj. пригородный

lane [leIn] n. полоса движения

nose [nqVz] n. передняя часть

performer [pq'fLmq] n. исполнитель

predecessor ['prJdIsesq] n. предшественник

rattle ['rxtl] n. дребезжание, стук

suburban [sq'bWbqn] adj. провинциальный, пригородный

Задания по тексту

 

1. Переведите текст.

2. Составьте план текста из 6-8 пунктов.

3. Пользуясь составленным Вами планом, кратко изложите содержание текста на английском языке.

Лексическое упражнение

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Дайте синонимы подчёркнутых слов и антонимы слов, выделенных курсивом.

 

a large number of, acceleration, almost, body roll, change (n.), claim, coil spring, constant, expect, fifth gear, generally, generation, handling, interior vibration, mode, pass (n.), quality, ratio, shell, slightly, solid performer, stiff, tire grip.

 

 


Урок 4.6

Текст А

CADILLAC SRX

 

The new 2010 SRX leaves the tall-wagon profile for a more traditional SUV-like one, and it looks a lot better. Two of the new SRX technologies include its choice of engines, and the larger displacement V6 is the standard powerplant. It measures 3.0 liters, compared to the current model’s 3.6, and is now direct injected for optimal performance and fuel efficiency, not to mention a 25-percent reduction in hydrocarbon emissions. Output should be about 260-horsepower at 6,950 rpm and 221 lb-ft of torque at 5,600, which makes it an extremely strong engine. The luxury crossover’s all-new turbocharged 2.8-liter V6 boasts 300-horsepower at 5,500 rpm and 295 lb-ft of torque at a very tractable 1,850 rpm, which is very close to the 320-horsepower and 315 lb-ft of torque offered by today’s 4.6-liter V8. The best part of this combination isn’t just the performance, however, but rather the massive fuel efficiency gains with either engine.

The result of direct injection is a 3.0-liter V6 that improves on the SRX V6 by about 5-horsepower while delivering 10-15% better fuel economy, the latter partly due to the engine’s 600 cc reduction in displacement over the outgoing model’s 3.6-liter mill. The new 3.0-liter also gets variable valve timing to further maximize output and efficiency, although torque is down by about 33 lb-ft according to Cadillac’s estimates.

The next part of the fuel efficiency equation includes two six-speed automatic transmissions, GM’s own Hydra-Matic 6T70 for the 3.0-liter and an AF40 Aisin Warner unit for the 2.8 turbo. Taller overdrive gears save on fuel while shorter intervals optimize each engine’s sweet spot to maximize performance. Each transmission gets a manual-mode for better driver interaction when feeling sporty, and when trying to get the most out of a tank of gas they come with a driver-selectable “eco mode” that causes the transmission to shift earlier and therefore keep revs to a minimum. Unfortunately GM doesn’t have any estimated fuel economy numbers but we can surmise that a 10-15 % reduction from the current 3.6-liter equipped all-wheel drive SRX’ 16 mpg city and 25 highway rating would equal something about 18- 19 mpg in the city and 28-30 mpg on the highway, which would be perfect numbers to pull from a midsize luxury SUV to say the least.

Notes:

cc (cubic centimetre) ["sJ'sJ] кубический сантиметр

equation [I'kweIZqn] n. уравнение

interaction ["Intqr'xkSqn] n. взаимодействие (с)

mill [mIl] n. (жаргон) двигатель

outgoing ["aVt'gqVIN] adj. уходящий, предшествующий

driver-selectable ['draIvq sI'lektqbql] adj. выбираемый водителем

surmise [sq'maIz] v. предполагать

sweet spot [swJt'spOt] оптимальный режим работы

tractable ['trxktqbql] adj. умеренный

 

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. What is new about 2010 SRX?

2. Where do massive fuel efficiency gains come from?

3. What does direct injection result in?

4. What adds to the fuel efficiency?

5. What do Hydra-Matic 6T70 and AF40 Aisin Warner unit provide?

6. What is the result of these fuel economy measures?

 

Фонетическое задание

Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.

 

['fWDq]; [bqVst]; ['PptImaIz]; [I'fISnsI]; ['JkqV]; ['meZq];

[rI'dAkSqn]; ['pWfIkt]

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания.

 

eco/eco- (adj./prefix), estimate (n., v.), lb-ft, maximize (v.), stylish (adj.), SUV, windshield.

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

 

агрегат, бензобак, ветровое стекло, внедорожник, выбор, держать обороты на минимуме, заставлять, коэффициент полезного действия, мягко говоря, намного лучше, оценивать, подобный чему-либо, получить максимум, следовательно, сокращение выброса углеводорода, стильный,увеличение эффективности использования топлива, фунто-фут, что-то около, экологический, экономить.

 

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

 


 

Electric seat adjustment

 

Adjustment of the seat is achieved by (1)… a num­ber of motors to allow positioning (регулировка положения) of different parts of the seat.

A typical electrically controlled seat uses four positioning motors and one smaller motor (2)… a pump, which controls the lumbar (поясничный) support bag. Each motor is (3)… by a simple rocker-type switch that controls two relays. Nine relays are required for this, two for (4)… motor and one to control the main supply.

When the seat position is set, (5)… vehicles have set position memories to allow automatic re-positioning if the seat has been moved. As the seat is moved a variable resistor (реостат), mechanically (6)… to the motor, is also moved. The resistance value provides (7)… to an electronic control unit. The resistor is supplied with a (8)… voltage such that the output relative to the seat position is proportional to pos­ition. This voltage is converted producing a simple 'number' (9)… in memory. When the driver (10)… a memory switch, the motor relays are acti­vated by the ECU until the number in memory and the number fed back from the seat are equal.

 

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на Participle II и его функции.

 

1. GM doesn’t have any estimated fuel economy numbers.

2. When mounted on the inside of the tire tread, this accelerometer can also measure the length of the tire contact patch.

3. The sixth gear is a tall overdrive designed to deliver better fuel mileage.

4. If required, the electric motor can push the seat through its four inches of travel in a tenth of a second.

5. The majority of heat rejected into the cooling water comes from the cylinder head and exhaust port area.

6. Compared with the Lexus System, Ford claims its active park assist operates three times quicker.

7. Combined with the move from a six-speed automatic to an eight-speed, the change provides 10% more miles per gallon.

 

Упражнение 2. Образуйте существительные с помощью словообразовательных суффиксов и переведите их. Учтите, что от некоторых глаголов существительные могут быть образованы с помощью разных суффиксов:

 

a. от следующих глаголов с помощью суффиксов – ion, -ment,

-er/or:

 

absorb, accelerate, adjust, arrange, bump, compress, connect, contribute, convert, direct, distribute, emit, expand, generate, idle, ignite, improve, inject, limit, locate, lubricate, manage, measure, perform, react, reduce, require, restrict, roll,

 

b. от следующих прилагательных с помощью суффиксов - ness,

- i)ty:

 

capable, complex, electric, flexible, fluid, light, major, possible, safe, secure, smooth, soft, stable, stiff, thick, viscose.

 

Текст В

CADILLAC ESCALADE

 

The 2010 Cadillac Escalade is a stylish, powerful vehicle available with rear or all-wheel drive and comes in four different trim levels.

For the new model year, the 2010 Escalade has made several upgrades. Fuel-saving technology has been added to the engine, the side impact airbags have been redesigned, and a USB port is now available for iPods. A few features are no longer available, including rain sensing windshield wipers.

The 2010 Escalade is equipped with a 6.2-liter, 403 horsepower V8 engine that produces 417 lb-ft of torque. A six-speed automatic transmission with manual-shifting comes standard. The car can accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in 7.5 seconds. Two-wheel drive version with towing equipment can pull up to 8,300 pounds. Despite being a large vehicle, the Escalade has a comfortable ride, with strong brakes and good handling. It gets 14 mpg during city driving, and 20 mpg highway.

The base models come with electronically directed shock absorbers, heated door mirrors with driver-side auto-dimming, xenon headlights, rear parking sensors, running boards, and a power liftgate. The Luxury version has 22-inch chrome alloy wheels, a more adaptive suspension, a sunroof, and high-beam headlights with automatic dimming.

The Escalade is a safe vehicle, receiving a perfect five star rating for both driver and passenger in frontal crash tests. It was not tested in side-impact crashes; the Escalade has a three star rollover rating. Car safety features include antilock brakes, stability and traction control, and OnStar telematics. The vehicle comes with front airbags for driver and passenger, side curtain airbags in all three rows, and height adjustable seat belts for the first three rows. The Escalade can brake from 60 mph to a stop in 114 feet.

 

Notes:

chrome [krqVm] n. хром

running board ['rAnIN'bLd] подножка

 

Задания по тексту

 

1. Переведите текст.

2. Составьте план текста из 6-8 пунктов.

3. Пользуясь составленным Вами планом, кратко изложите содержание текста на английском языке.

Лексическое упражнение

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Дайте синонимы подчёркнутых слов и антонимы слов, выделенных курсивом.

 

auto-dimming, chrome alloy wheel, city driving, comfortable (adj.), curtain airbag, different (adj.), equip (v.), frontal crash test, heated door mirror, height adjustable seat belt, liftgate (n.), no longer, produce (v.), rear parking sensor, rollover (n.), star (n.), telematics (n.), tow (v.).

 


Урок 4.7

Текст А

Mazda MAZDA 3

 

Because so much is right with the 2010 Mazda MAZDA 3 it’s easier to begin with possibly the only thing that is wrong - the controversial new design. The purpose of the more aggressive design was to make the MAZDA 3 more aerodynamic, and some auto reviews praise the unique look. On the other hand there is strong criticism of the car’s front fascia. Now let’s move on to the MAZDA 3’s good qualities, which include just about everything else on the vehicle. The new 3 boasts a high-end interior, an array of luxury amenities, superb handling, remarkable power, and precise driving dynamics.

Although the structure of its chassis is largely the same as with the 2009 MAZDA 3, the 2010 Mazda MAZDA 3 is otherwise an all-new vehicle. Mazda revised the sedan’s exterior styling, boosted the power, and improved the fuel economy.

The 2010 MAZDA 3 is available in the 3i model (sedan only) with three trims: SV, Sport, and Touring. The sedan also comes in the 3s model (sedan or hatchback), available with either the Sport or Grand Touring trims.

Although neither engine option disappoints, reviewers prefer the 2.5-liter, 167-horsepower MAZDA 3 engine to the 2.0-liter, 148-horsepower option. The transmission of the car is delightfully precise, with a five-speed manual standard on the 3i models and a five-speed automatic optional on all trims but the 3i SV. The more powerful Mazda 3s comes with a six-speed manual transmission (a five-speed auto is an option) and accelerates from 0-60 mph in 7.9 seconds. The vehicle braking and steering are capable and exact, while the fine-tuned suspension gives the 3 the handling of an expensive sports car.

The 2010 MAZDA 3 has comfortable front-row seats. On the other hand, the rear seat is a little tight on legroom, and the sedan’s optional navigation screen is too small. Cargo space is adequate but not exactly enough in the car, which offers about 11.8 ft2 of space. Standard interior equipment includes a tilt-and-telescoping steering column, power windows and mirrors and 60/40 folding rear seats.

Standard safety equipment on the 2010 MAZDA 3 includes advanced dual front airbags, side and side-curtain airbags, brake assist technology, and anti-lock brakes with electronic brake force distribution. Stability and traction control are optional on some MAZDA 3 models.

 

Notes:

controversial ["kPntrq'vWSql] adj. спорный

criticism ['krItIsIzqm] n. критика

disappoint ["dIsq'pOInt] v. разочаровывать

else [els] pron. другой, другое

let’s (let us) [lets] давайте

 

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. What’s wrong with the 2010 Mazda MAZDA 3?

2. What are the good qualities of it?

3. What’s new about the 2010 Mazda MAZDA 3?

4. What trims is it available in?

5. What’s the difference between MAZDA 3 and Mazda 3s?

6. What is the interior of the 2010 MAZDA 3 like?

7. What does its standard safety equipment include?

Фонетическое задание

Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.

 

['kWtn]; [rIq]; ['kRgqV]; ['naIDq]; [q'mJnItIz]; [prI'saIs]; [Ik'stIqrIq]; [rI'vaIz]

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова.

 

aggressive (adj.), amenities (n.), cargo (n.), fold (v.), ft, legroom (n.), remarkable (adj.), revise (v.), superb (adj.), telescoping (adj.), touring (adj.), wrong (adj.).

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

 

агрессивный; багаж; в других отношениях; великолепный; выдвижной; достаточный; замечательный; изменять, пересматривать; интерьер класса люкс; комплектация; не тот (который нужно), неправильный; ограниченный (о пространстве); передние сидения; почти всё остальное; предметы комфорта и удобства; пространство для ног; разгоняться; распределение тормозного усилия; складывать, сгибать; точно отрегулированная подвеска; точный, чёткий; туристический; фут; хвалить.

 

Упражнение 3. Выберите толкование, которое соответствует термину в левой колонке, и переведите его на русский язык. Дайте однокоренные слова к термину, помеченному звёздочкой (*).

 

Грамматические упражнения

 

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания с числительными:

 

11.8 ft2; 7.9 sec.; 22 mpg; 3,500 lb; 8,300 pounds; 600 cc; 1,890 rpm; the 2008 model; 210 hp; 187.6 in; 10.5:1; 3000 psi; 2.7 liter; 0.3 % larger; 1.8-liter engine; 162 lb-ft.

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конверсию.

 

1. The torque is down by about 33 lb-ft according to Cadillac’s estimates.

2. The EPA estimates a fuel economy of 16 mpg city and 22 mpg highway for the front-wheel drive vehicle.

3. The estimate results of the car efficiency are still to be obtained.

4. Everything under the car has been substantially upgraded.

5. The LX 570 offers a few upgrade options.

6. For the new model year, the 2010 Escalade has made several upgrades.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на cлово it и его функции.

 

1. The current Mustang’s frame is 31% stiffer and it feels it.

2. It’s a large SUV with a good looking exterior and sound performance.

3. The linkage isn't as tight as it might be.

4. It is the task of the lubricating system to ensure that metal-to-metal contact doesn’t exist within the engine.

5. Since the injectors supply fuel only after the valves close, none of it escapes through the exhaust valve.

6. It costs a lot to develop your own hybrid powertrain.

 

Текст В

MAZDA CX-9

 

It’s a large SUV with a good looking exterior and sound performance. The CX-9 seats seven, and is available in three trim levels: the base Sport, an upgraded Touring, and the premium Grand Touring line.

Each CX-9 has a 3.7-liter, 273 horsepower V6 engine that has 270 lb-ft of torque. The vehicle comes with a six-speed automatic transmission that has manual shift control. There is a choice between a front-wheel or all-wheel drive vehicle. With the right equipment, the CX-9 has the capability of towing up to 3,500 lb. The front-wheel CX-9s can accelerate from 0 to 50 mph in 7.4 seconds, while the all-wheel drive vehicles take about 8.5 seconds to reach the same speed from a stop. The brakes are solid. The vehicle has a small turning radius. The EPA estimates a fuel economy of 16 mpg city and 22 mpg highway for the front-wheel drive vehicle. The all-wheel drive vehicle gets 15 mpg city and 21 mpg highway.

The vehicle looks more like a car than an SUV, and the design makes it look smaller than it really is. Exterior features vary by trim level. The Sport model comes with 18-inch silver alloy wheels, rear window wipers, halogen headlights, and a rear step bumper. The Touring version has heated mirrors and delay off headlights. The Grand Touring model comes with 20-inch polished alloy wheels, fog lights, xenon headlights, and rain sensing windshield wipers.

The 2010 Mazda CX-9 received perfect scores on crash tests for both front and side crashes. It comes with car safety features like front-seat height adjustable seat belts, antilock brakes, brake assist, and stability control that senses rollovers. The CX-9 has driver and front passenger front airbags, side impact airbags, and side curtain airbags for all three rows. Blind spot monitoring is standard on the Grand Touring trim.

 

Notes:

halogen ['hxlqGqn] adj. галогеновый

polished ['pPlISt] adj. полированный

silver ['sIlvq] adj. серебристый

 

Задания по тексту

 

1. Переведите текст.

2. Составьте план текста из 6-8 пунктов.

3. Пользуясь составленным Вами планом, кратко изложите содержание текста на английском языке.

Лексическое упражнение

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Дайте синонимы подчёркнутых слов и антонимы слов, выделенных курсивом.

 

blind spot, crash test, delay off headlights, exterior (adj.), halogen headlights, premium (adj.), rain sensing windshield wipers, reach (v.), rear step bumper, receive (v.), right (adj.), rollover (n.), row (n.), seat (v.), shift (n.), sound (adj.), tow (v.), turning radius, vary (v.), vehicle (n.).


Урок 4.8

Текст А

VOLVO S40

 

The Volvo S40 continues Volvo's reputation as a maker of superb sports sedans. The S40 looks and acts like a sports sedan.

The Volvo S40 2.4i uses a five-cylinder engine making 168 horsepower and 170 lb-ft of torque at 4400 rpm, on premium fuel. The model comes standard with a five-speed manual, and an optional five-speed automatic transmission called the Geartronic with an Auto-Stick that allows clutchless manual shifting.

Standard equipment includes air conditioning, power windows, door locks, cruise control, tilt/telescoping steering wheel, 16-inch alloy wheels, remote entry, anti-theft system and etc.

The Select option package includes an eight-way power adjustable driver's seat, power tilt/slide sunroof, a trip computer and some other features. The Sport option package includes Dynamic suspension, and sport alloy wheels. A Climate package includes rain-sensor wipers, heated front seats, and headlamp washers. Stand-alone options include metallic paints, five-speed automatic and so on.

The S40 T5 uses a slightly larger 2.5-liter turbocharged version of the engine, making 218 horsepower and 236 lb-ft of torque over the wide range of 1500 to 4800 rpm. The T5 adds as standard equipment fog lights, a power driver's seat, leather gearshift knob, and trip computer. For 2007 the model comes standard with the five-speed Geartronic automatic, which replaces the six-speed manual transmission. The car features an electronically controlled all-wheel-drive system.

Volvo is a leader in safety engineering and it is obvious the company put a lot of effort into building a structure designed to protect its occupants. The S40 comes loaded with active and passive safety features to help drivers avoid accidents, then protect them if there is a crash. This may be the safest car in this size class. Smaller than most luxury sedans, the S40 is much easier to park in tight spaces and it’s easier to maneuver on narrow roads.

All S40 models come with side curtain and side-impact airbags, projector-type headlamps, a rear fog light, and anti-lock brakes with electronic brake-force distribution. The addition of Dynamic Stability Traction Control is helpful in winter motoring. If the system detects any sign that the car is starting to slide, it will try to correct for the skid.

Notes:

engineering ["enGI'nIqrIN] n. автомобилестроение

knob [nPb] n. набалдашник, шарообразная ручка

leader ['lJdq] n. лидер

metallic paint [mI'txlIk'peInt] краска металлик

passive ['pxsIv] adj. пассивный

reputation ["repjV'teISqn] n. репутация

sign [saIn] n. признак

 

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. How does the Volvo S40 look and act?

2. What are the specifications (технические характеристики) of the S40 2.4i engine?

3. What does this model come with?

4. What does standard equipment include?

5. What option packages are there?

6. What do they include?

7. What are the specifications of the S40 T5 engine?

8. What’s the difference between the standard equipment of S40 2.4i and that of S40 T5?

9. How does Volvo prove its leadership (лидерство) in safety engineering?

 

Фонетическое задание

Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.

 

[et'setqrq]; ['leDq]; [mq'nHvq]; ['klaImIt]; ['PbvIqs]; ['vWSqn]; ['prJmIqm]; ['fJCq]

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова.

 

anti-theft (adj.), etc. (adv.), leather (adj.), obvious (adj.), remote (adj.).

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

 

вождение в зимних условиях, восьмиточечная регулировка водительского сидения с электроприводом, дистанционное открывание дверей, добавлять, заменять, и так далее, кожа, комплект дополнительного оборудования, меры активной и пассивной безопасности, модификация, ограниченное пространство, омыватели фар, очевидный, передние сидения с подогревом, переключение передач без сцепления, приложить много усилий, продолжать, противоугонный, регулируемое по углу наклона телескопическое рулевое колесо, сдвижной/подъёмный люк с электроприводом.

 

Упражнение 3. Определите: есть ли ошибки в переводе представленных ниже слов. Если ошибки имеются, укажите правильный перевод.

 

 

Грамматические упражнения

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на неличные формы глагола.

 

1. Despite being a large vehicle, the Escalade has a comfortable ride.

2. Turning off an engine when stopped at a light can definitely save fuel.

3. The base models come with electronically directed shock absorbers.

4. The all-wheel drive vehicles take about 8.5 seconds to reach the same speed from a stop.

5. A manual shift gate also allows you to choose a lower gear for more immediate power delivery.

6. The same occurs with the settings of dampers which prevent the springs from bouncing.

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции слова one.

 

1. The new 3.5-liter V6 engine, rated at 270 horsepower, offers an increase of 55 hp over the old one.

2. This can be achieved by adding a second, small fuel tank and filling that one with E85.

3. One way to extend the HCCI mode is to employ a variable compression ratio.

4. One may expect LEDs to take over all exterior and interior lighting.

 

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на эмфатические конструкции.

 

1. It is the the engine that burns fuel and converts the heat into mechanical energy which turns the wheels.

2. Not only does E85 have a higher-octane rating than gasoline; it also has more cooling effect.

3. It is only the more expensive rear-drive models, or those with front-wheel drive and therefore no differential at the rear, which have independent suspension on the back wheels.

4. It is the difference between these frequencies along with the amount of damping that gives a comfortable ride.

5. The heat transferred from the exhaust duct wall does represent an extra load on cooling system.

 

Текст В

VOLVO S60

 

The Volvo S60 fills the middle range in the Swedish automaker's lineup. It's larger than the compact S40, but not quite as large as the premium-luxury S80. The vehicle comes in 2.5T and all-wheel-drive 2.5T AWD versions plus a sporty, more powerful T5 model.

The 2.5T is powered by a low-pressure-turbocharged 2.5-liter inline-5 rated at 208 horsepower and 236 lb-ft of torque. A five-speed automatic transmission is standard.

The 2.5T AWD features traction of all-wheel drive. For better traction in snow, it also comes with narrower 205/55R16 tires, mounted on narrower (6.5-inch vs. 7.0) rims, to help concentrate the car's weight on the tire patches.

Standard equipment for the 2.5T includes central power door locks with keyless entry, power tinted windows, front and rear fog lights, power heated outside mirrors with memory, a pollen filter, cruise control, dual-zone electronic climate control, trip computer, tilt/telescoping steering wheel.

The T5 comes with a 2.4-liter inline-5 that uses high-pressure turbocharging to produce 257 horsepower and 258 lb-ft of torque (at 2100-5000 rpm) for much quicker acceleration.

Safety features that come standard on all S60 models include frontal, side-impact and side-curtain airbags; head restraints for all five passengers; seats that move on impact to reduce whiplash injuries (WHIPS); an immobilizer and alarm; anti-lock disc brakes (ABS) with electronic brake-force distribution (EBD); electronic stability control (DSTC); and a tire-pressure monitor. The S60 features Volvo's famous safety-cage construction. Seat belts have pyrotechnic pretensioners in all seating positions; they are superb, so be sure to use them at all times. ISO-FIX attachments are provided for rearward-facing child safety seats.

 

Notes:

alarm [q'lRm] n. сигнализация

attachment [q'txCmqnt] n. крепление

famous ['feImqs] adj. знаменитый

immobilizer [I'mqVbIlaIzq] n. иммобилайзер

pollen ['pPlqn] n. цветочная пыльца

pyrotechnic pretensioner ["paIrqV'teknIk "prJ'tenSqnq] пиротехнический преднатяжитель

rearward ['rIqwqd] adj. смотрящий назад

Swedish ['swJdIS] adj. шведский

tinted ['tIntId] adj. тонированный

whiplash injury ['wIplxS'InGqrI] хлыстовая травма (травма, вызванная резким внезапным движением головы вперёд и снова назад)

Задания по тексту

 

1. Переведите текст.

2. Составьте план текста из 6-8 пунктов.

3. Пользуясь составленным Вами планом, кратко изложите содержание текста на английском языке.

Лексическое упражнение

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Дайте синонимы подчёркнутых слов и антонимы слов, выделенных курсивом.

 

compact (n.), head restraint, horsepower (n.), impact (n.), keyless entry, maker (n.), power (v.), plus (n.), rim (n.), so on (adv.), tire patch, traction (n.), turbocharging (n.), zone (n.).

 

Текст C

 

THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE(continued)

Near-Term Innovations






ТОП 5 статей:
Экономическая сущность инвестиций - Экономическая сущность инвестиций – долгосрочные вложения экономических ресурсов сроком более 1 года для получения прибыли путем...
Тема: Федеральный закон от 26.07.2006 N 135-ФЗ - На основании изучения ФЗ № 135, дайте максимально короткое определение следующих понятий с указанием статей и пунктов закона...
Сущность, функции и виды управления в телекоммуникациях - Цели достигаются с помощью различных принципов, функций и методов социально-экономического менеджмента...
Схема построения базисных индексов - Индекс (лат. INDEX – указатель, показатель) - относительная величина, показывающая, во сколько раз уровень изучаемого явления...
Тема 11. Международное космическое право - Правовой режим космического пространства и небесных тел. Принципы деятельности государств по исследованию...



©2015- 2024 pdnr.ru Все права принадлежат авторам размещенных материалов.