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In the Stone Age, people didn’t need to find salt, because they were hunting a lot of their food, and eating a lot of red meat. Red meat has plenty of salt in it.

But when people began to farm, about 10,000 B.C., they started to eat mainly grains like rice and wheat, and very little meat. Then they really needed another way to get salt. Salt was also used to preserve all different kinds of food, because there were no refrigerators: salt is used to make bacon, or ham, or salted fish, or pickles.

The earliest evidence of salt production comes from northern China, where people had been harvesting salt from a salt lake, Lake Yuncheng, by 6000 B.C. and maybe earlier.

In Egypt, people were using salt to preserve meat and fish by about 3000 B.C. The Egyptians also used salt to preserve mummies. They evaporated seawater from the Mediterranean Sea.

About 700 B.C., in Europe, the Celts were mining salt underground in modern Austria, Hungary, southern Germany and Poland. The Celts sold their salt to other people. The Celts also sold salted meat – salami, ham, and bacon. In exchange, the Celts bought glass and pottery for their houses and their graves.

Because everyone needed salt, but only a few people could produce it, salt was something everybody bought and rather expensive.

2. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. When and why did people begin to produce salt?

2. How did the ancient people produce salt?

3. Why was salt expensive?

Заполните пропуски артиклями, где это необходимо. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Cheese produced in … Europe, where climates are cooler than in … Middle East, required less salt for … preservation.

2. … British drink far too much tea.

3. Can you pass ... marmalade, please?

4. Have you tried … raw fish at … new Japanese restaurant?

5. … harder the cheese, … more pressure is applied.

Употребите прилагательные или наречия в нужной степени сравнения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Harder cheeses have a … (low) moisture content than softer cheeses.

2. Hong Kong and the United States are … (large) importers of the edible bird's nests.

3. In school, Italian children are taught that their diet is one of … (healthy) in the world.

4. “… (good) before” indicates a future date beyond which the food product may lose quality in terms of taste or texture, but does not imply any serious health problems if food is consumed beyond this date (within reasonable limits).

5. Colorings are added to food to replace colors lost during preparation, or to make food look … (attractive).

5. Поставьте к следующим предложениям вопросы указанного типа.

1. The word spice comes from the same root as species. (общий)

2. The control of trade routes and the spice-producing regions were the main reasons that Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama sailed to India in 1499. (специальный)

3. The shelf life of a ground spice is roughly six months. (альтернативный)

4. A large number of people get sick every year due to spoiled food. (разделительный).

5. In the story of Genesis, Joseph was sold into slavery by his brothers to spice merchants. (вопрос к подлежащему)

Раскройте скобки. Определите видовременную форму глаголов. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Sugar … (refine) before it is used for food.

2. Today the main tendency in agriculture of Great Britain is that small farms … (disappear) gradually because they cannot compete with modern industrial farms based on up-to-date agricultural machinery.

3. Not long ago Canada, Australia, and Chile … (sign) agreements with Europe that will limit the use of the term ‘champagne’ to only those products produced in the Champagne region.

4. Although Christopher Columbus … (not, find) spices, his voyage led to a new world of food to Europeans.

5. The bird's nests … (use) in Chinese cooking for over 400 years, most often as bird's nest soup.

Заполните пропуски предлогами. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. I am trying to cut down … fatty food.

2. John usually makes … his recipes as he goes along.

3. Is the hamburger for you to eat here, or to take … ?

4. Pour me a glass … water, would you?

5. Put the meat … the oven … two hours.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА 1

Вариант 2

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Inhabitants of South Pacific islands grew sugar cane more than 8,000 years ago. The plants were also widely grown in ancient India. Sugar cane is specifically mentioned in records of an expedition by the Macedonian king Alexander the Great to what is now Pakistan in 325 B.C.

The cultivation and refining of sugar cane spread east from India to China about 100 B.C. During the early 1400s, Europeans planted sugar cane in northern Africa and on islands in the Atlantic Ocean. Portuguese settlers later planted sugar cane on the west coast of Africa and in Brazil. The Italian navigator Christopher Columbus brought sugar-cane cuttings to islands in the Caribbean Sea in 1493.

The first sugar mill in the Western Hemisphere was built in 1515 in what is now the Dominican Republic. Jesuit missionaries brought sugar cane to Louisiana in 1751. In 1791, the first sugar mill on the North American mainland was built in New Orleans by Antonio Mendez, a Louisiana planter.

The people of ancient Babylonia, Egypt, and Greece grew sugar beets. In 1744, Andreas Sigismund Marggraf, a German chemist, found that sugar from the sugar beet was the same as that removed from sugar cane. In 1799 Franz Achard developed a practical method of removing sugar from sugar beets. Sugar mills then sprang up quickly in Europe and Russia. Beet sugar was first produced in the United States in 1838. E.H. Dyer, an American businessman, established the country's first successful sugar-beet processing factory in Alvarado, California.

2. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. When and where did people begin to produce sugar?

2. What is the difference between sugar from the sugar cane and sugar from the sugar beet?

3. Who developed a practical method of removing sugar from sugar beets?

Заполните пропуски артиклями, где это необходимо. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. … Spain and … Portugal were not happy to pay the high price that … Venice demanded for … spices.

2. We’ve looked at … menu and we’d all like … chicken.

3. My friends bought me … coffee maker for my birthday.

4. … Breakfast is one of those meals that varies from ... country to … country.

5. ... more you eat, ... plumper you become.

Употребите прилагательные или наречия в нужной степени сравнения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Cheese is … (compact) and has a … (long) shelf life than milk.

2. Potatoes are the world's fourth … (large) food crop, following rice, wheat, and corn.

3. People who live in countries that border the Mediterranean Sea are known to have one of … (healthy) diets in the world.

4. Ground spices are … (good) stored away from light.

5. The edible bird's nests are among … (expensive) animal products consumed by humans.

5. Поставьте к следующим предложениям вопросы указанного типа.

1. The biggest exporter of cheese, by monetary value, is France. (общий)

2. Cheese is valued for its portability, long life, and high content of fat, protein, calcium, and phosphorus. (специальный)

3. The earliest archeological evidence of cheesemaking has been found in Egyptian tomb murals, dating to about 2000 B.C. (альтернативный)

4. Cheese supplies a great deal of calcium, protein, phosphorus and fat. (разделительный)

5. Those people who are lactose intolerant often avoid cheese. (вопрос к подлежащему)