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DUAL-CLUTCH AUTOMATED MANUAL TRANSMISSIONFOR 2010
Ford has just made an announcement that North America will get a dual-clutch, six-speed automated-manual in 2010. The new transmission, dubbed PowerShift, is a dry-clutch derivative of the dual-wet-clutch six-speed transmission offered in the European Ford Focus. It basically works like two manual transmissions working in parallel: one clutch carries the odd gears - first, third, and fifth - and the other carries the evens. The two clutches engage and disengage simultaneously for seamless torque delivery to the drive wheels and virtually no drop-off in acceleration. Unlike other carmakers who praise the performance characteristics of their dual-clutch manuals, Ford is emphasizing the fuel-economy benefits. Specifically, Ford says the PowerShift transmission reduces parasitic loss and weight - some 30 pounds compared with the four-speed automatic currently used by the American Ford Focus, thanks in large part to the elimination of fluid lines, pumps, and coolers for the unit. PowerShift also features “Neutral Coast Down,” which disengages the transmission during coasting; a “Creep” mode that simulates the off-brake rolling of automatic transmissions; and a “Hill” mode, which prevents roll-back on steep grades. Ford did not specifically state which vehicles would offer the new PowerShift transmission, other than to say that it will help their new global small-car platforms set a new world standard for efficiency and drive quality. That may mean its appearance in the 2010 Fiesta and likely the Euro-derived 2011 Ford Focus. Whether or not the transmission might potentially be made available in something like the mid-sized Fusion depends on its robustness; since a wet-clutch transmission is necessary when paired with torquier motors. Notes: coast [kqVst] v. двигаться накатом cooler ['kHlq] n. охладитель derivative [dI'rIvqtIv] n. производное elimination [I"lImI'neISqn] n. исключение, удаление emphasize ['emfqsaIz] v. подчёркивать North America ['nLT q'merIkq] Северная Америка robustness [rq'bAstnIs] n. эксплуатационная надёжность seamless ['sJmlqs] adj. бесшовный simulate ['sImjVleIt] v. имитировать Задания по тексту 1. Переведите текст. 2. Составьте план текста из 6-8 пунктов. 3. Пользуясь составленным Вами планом, кратко изложите содержание текста на русском языке. Лексическое упражнение Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Дайте синонимы подчёркнутых слов и антонимы слов, выделенных курсивом.
announce, basically, carmaker, characteristics, chest protection, conventional, dual-wet-clutch six-speed transmission, engage, facial feature, global, grille, later, light-throttle cruising, odd gears, off-brake rolling, offer, pair (v.), parasitic loss, platform, praise, prevail, prevent, thanks to, torque delivery, warning message.
Урок 4.2 Текст А HOW HYPERCARS WORK (continued)
If you were to design a car to be the most fuel-efficient vehicle possible, yet still practical for everyday driving, where would you start? The chassis might be a good place to begin. The steel frame of a standard car is quite heavy. It's also very strong, so if you want to make it lighter, you'll need to find something that can withstand the stresses of carrying heavy loads and retain the ability to absorb impacts to protect the occupants. Some automakers have already experimented with higher-quality steel, which is stronger than conventional steel, allowing less of it to be used. But if we really want to cut the pounds, we need to look at carbon fiber. When it's properly prepared, carbon fiber is 10 times as strong as steel and weighs much less. Replacing all the steel in a car with carbon fiber can reduce the weight by up to 40 %. Carbon fiber has not seen wide use in the auto industry because it's very expensive to make. Most of it is hand-made, however, that could be changing. Fiberforge has developed a method of mass producing carbon fiber parts. The fibers are woven into tapes, which are combined to form sheets. The sheets are stacked together and heated to form a panel, then placed into a press to form it into the proper shape. The entire process takes about 10 minutes - a huge increase in carbon fiber's production potential. The vehicle body is another area where considerable improvements can be made. Anything that sticks out from the surface of the vehicle such as side mirrors should be streamlined. The body should be made out of strong, yet lightweight, carbon fiber as well. Now comes the vehicle power plant - the engine. There are several ways to power the car that are better than internal combustion engines, but the one you choose will largely depend on the technology that develops fastest. Hydrogen fuel cells only emit water, and they could be efficient if a clean and green method of producing hydrogen is found. Electric motors that run on batteries and plug into wall outlets are technically the most cost-effective. Sometimes you might want a little extra range or more power than an electric motor can provide, so it might be a good idea to use a very efficient combustion engine. An aluminum block will keep the weight low, and you could probably even get by with three cylinders considering how light the car is.
Notes: cell [sel] n. элемент experiment [Ik'sperImqnt] v. экспериментировать streamline ['strJmlaIn] v. придавать обтекаемую форму tape [teIp] n. лента Ответьте на вопросы к тексту 1. What are the three areas for improvement to design the most fuel-efficient vehicle? 2. Why does the chassis come first? 3. Why is carbon fiber more effective than other materials? 4. Why does carbon fiber have limited use in the auto industry? 5. What has Fiberforge developed? 6. Why is the vehicle body another area for improvements? 7. What are the alternatives of internal combustion engine? Фонетическое задание
Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.
['laItweIt]; ['teknIkqlI]; ['faIbq]; [rI'teIn]; ['SxsI]; ['haIdrqGqn]; ['prqVses]; ['wqVvqn] Лексические упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова. clean (adj.), green (adj.), lightweight (adj.), plug (n., v.), technically (adv.).
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:
включать в сеть; всемирный; выбирать; должным образом, правильно; заменять; заявлять; лёгкий; лист; обходиться чем-либо; обычный; пассажир; производитель автомобилей; прочный; сокращать; сохранять; технически; углеродное волокно; улучшение; учитывать; хвалить; чистый; штепсельная розетка; экологичный.
Упражнение 3. Выберите толкование, которое соответствует термину в левой колонке, и переведите его на русский язык.
Упражнение 4. Определите: есть ли ошибки в переводе представленных ниже слов. Если ошибки имеются, укажите правильный перевод.
Грамматические упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив и инфинитивные конструкции Complex Object и Complex Subject.
1. These new tire-pressure sensors are supposed to be less expensive than today wheel-mounted units. 2. There’s an accelerometer in every current TPS to detect wheel motion and allow the sensor to turn off, thus extending the life of its battery. 3. There are several ways to power the car. 4. The SKY-D is said to be 20 percent more efficient than today’s 2.2 liter diesel. 5. Combining Otto-cycle spark ignition and diesel-style compression ignition was considered to be impossible. 6. Ford announced inflatable safety belts to be available as an option on its 2011 Explorer. 7. The system was not easy to use, requiring much input from the driver to work properly and only operating at crawling speeds. 8. Noise level is considered to be a drawback with air-cooled engines.
Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции слова that.
1. Now imagine that the force is pressing against the entire front surface of the car. 2. The next step in Mazda involves an energy-regeneration setup similar to that seen in BMW. 3. Jaguar’s concept offers another hybrid approach: its twin microturbines power generators that send energy to four traction motors. 4. Heating of the lubricating oil is more indirect than that of the water. 5. Bose’s data show that its truck seat filters out bumps passed along to the driver. 6. We expect the GT3s in Porsche’s press fleet will all have this feature to achieve that all-important last 10th of a second.
Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции слова as и на сравнительный оборот as … as … .
1. The gearshift sensors monitor gear position as well as side-to-side shifter movement. 2. Then the car takes over controlling the steering based on rear-parking sensor data as to where the vehicle is relative to the parking space. 3. The 2.0-liter version will be as efficient as its current 2.2-liter diesel. 4. The rigid mechanical connection is a major drawback as far as the system functional features are concerned. 5. As the damper extends, the piston does not push enough oil from the top section of the cylinder to fill the lower. 6. Carbon fiber is going down in price as the industry develops. 7. Inflatable safety belts, available as an option on the 2011 Ford Explorer, are one example of an industry moving past the conventional airbag.
Упражнение 2. Работа в парах.
Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями. Текст В MAZDA’S EFFICIENCY STRATEGY
I-stop is what Mazda calls its engine stop/start system, which kills the engine at stops and is already available on Mazda 3. Rather than using the electric starter to re-fire the engine, as in other manufacturers’ versions of the technology, Mazda stops one of the cylinders at an advantageous point near the top of its stroke and fires that cylinder to get the engine restarted once the driver releases the brake. The next step in Mazda’s plan involves an energy-regeneration setup similar to that seen in BMW’s EfficientDynamics suite of efficiency technologies, where the alternator is generally employed only during braking and deceleration to send obtained energy to the battery. As usual, the stored energy is used to power accessories, taking the alternator’s burden off the engine when under power. Mazda has the idea of hybridizing more of its lineup beyond the present Tribute hybrid, which is a clone of the Ford Escape hybrid. But it costs a lot to develop your own hybrid powertrain. We were told not to expect Mazda’s decision to more fully hybridize for at least ten years. What you can expect, and soon, are Mazda’s Sky engines and transmissions. The SKY-G is the gasoline-burning engine, and Mazda says the 2.0-liter version will be as efficient as its current 2.2-liter diesel. On the diesel front, the SKY-D is said to be 20 percent more efficient than today’s 2.2-liter diesel, while offering more torque. Lower internal friction and more precise intake control are among the reasons for the efficiency gains in both engines. Both will be accompanied by a version of the SKY-Drive automatic transmission. The gearbox is said to be both lighter and quicker-shifting than a traditional automatic, feeling more like a dual-clutch setup while increasing fuel economy by 5 %. Notes: accessories [qk'sesqrIs] n. дополнительное оборудование clone [klqVn] n. клон hybridize ['haIbrIdaIz] v. создавать гибрид(ы) (автомобиль с гибридным приводом) Задания по тексту
1. Переведите текст. 2. Составьте план текста из 6-8 пунктов. 3. Пользуясь составленным Вами планом, кратко изложите содержание текста на русском языке.
Лексическое упражнение
Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Дайте синонимы подчёркнутых слов и антонимы слов, выделенных курсивом.
ahead, assist, at least, breakaway, burden, camber, certain, collapse, contribute, creep, current adj., deceleration, decision, employ, fail, friction, hence, injury, kick back, lateral, light, lineup, obtain, precise, pushrod, ram, reason, release, roll, solve, spread, swivel, unitary.
Урок 4.3 Текст А HYUNDAI TIBURON
The Hyundai Tiburon has been freshened up for 2007. The entry-level Tiburon GS uses a four-cylinder engine with a five-speed gearbox, but the SE moves up to a 2.7-liter V6 with a six-speed manual. All Tiburons are equipped with anti-lock brakes, a tire pressure monitor and side airbags; other models or options include a four-speed automatic transmission with Shiftronic manual control and electronic stability control. The seats are comfortable and the instruments are back-lit in a cool blue. The V6 engine makes a modest 172 horsepower, but it also makes a nice sound when you rev it to redline, 6500 rpm. The engine torque comes on low, so it’s easy to drive. The SE six-speed gearbox is good, and the clutch is smooth, but the shift lever has too long of a throw to feel tight. Heel-and-toe downshifts are almost possible because of the pedal locations. The SE suspension is firm, but not uncomfortable. The payoff comes in the corners, as the front-wheel-drive SE grips the road better than the Mitsubishi Eclipse, although not as well as the rear-wheel-drive RX-8. The Tiburon SE also stops well, having 12-inch cross-drilled front rotors. Hyundai Tiburon comes as four models, beginning with the inexpensive GS which uses a DOHC 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine and a five-speed manual transmission or optional four-speed automatic with Shiftronic manual control. Standard equipment includes power windows, doors and heated mirrors, air conditioning, keyless entry and 16-inch alloy wheels. Cruise control isn't standard; it comes in a package with the sunroof. The Tiburon GT uses a DOHC 2.7-liter V6 with the same transmission options as the GS, and 17-inch alloy wheels. Inside, there is an automatic climate control system and cruise control. The SE uses the 2.7-liter V6 with a six-speed gearbox, multi-gauge cluster, high rear spoiler, red front calipers on big vented rotors and aluminum pedals. The suspension is tuned for hard cornering, and there's electronic stability control with Brake Assist and Traction Control. Safety equipment that comes standard includes anti-lock brakes, tire pressure monitor, and side airbags. The body has been redesigned: front and rear fascia, headlights, taillights, hood, front fenders and twin exhaust tips are all new. Notes: cross-drilled ['krPsdrIld] adj. поперечно просверленный fender ['fendq] n. крыло автомобиля hood [hVd] n. капот (амер.) nice [naIs] adj. приятный redline ['redlaIn] n. красная линия (предельное значение параметра на шкале прибора) spoiler ['spOIlq] n. спойлер (элемент, изменяющий аэродинамические свойства кузова автомобиля, перенаправляя воздушные потоки)
Ответьте на вопросы к тексту 1. How many models does the Tiburon have? 2. What are all Tiburons equipped with? 3. What are the characteristics of the entry-level Tiburon GS? 4. What does the Tiburon SE feature? 5. What is said about GT model?
Фонетическое задание Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.
['PpSqn]; ['krHz]; [tqV]; ["InIk'spensIv]; [tLk]; [geIG]; ['feISq]; ['xlOI]
Лексические упражнения Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания.
air conditioning, back-lit (adj.), keyless entry, modest (adj.), payoff (n.), review (n.), taillight (n.), sunroof (n.).
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:
в пакете с; заднеприводной; задний фонарь; колесо из лёгкого сплава; комплект контрольно-измерительных приборов; люк в крыше автомобиля; награда, вознаграждение; обзор, обозрение; обогреваемое зеркало; переднеприводной; плотный; расположение педалей; с фоновой подсветкой; скромный; слишком; ход, диапазон перемещения; холодный синий цвет; электронная система курсовой устойчивости.
Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:
Eliminating Vibration
A lot of power can be absorbed by vibration of a car's moving parts; balancing (1)… this power to drive the wheels and propel the car with greater efficiency. The great majority of vibrations (2)… within a car (as opposed to (3)… generated by the road surface, for example) are the product of some loss of balance. The balancing of wheels and tyres is the most (4)… case. It is usually (5)… possible to make these perfectly symmetrical (симметричный) about their centres, so counterweights (противовес) usually (6)… to be attached to the wheel rims to achieve smooth running. Static (статический) balancing is (7)… simplest method: a weight is placed opposite the heaviest part of the wheel and tyre (8)… . Dynamic balancing requires that any tendency of uneven weight distribution (9)… be eliminated by placing a counterweight on the other side, after which a further counterweighting of the opposite point will be needed. On high-speed cars, even the brake drums or discs must be balanced as well as the propeller shaft, (10)… fitted. Грамматические упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на время и залог сказуемого, а также оборот there + to be.
1. Carbon fiber has not seen wide use in the car industry because it's very expensive to make. 2. Valeo is developing a headlight technology it calls “Bending light”. 3. There have been many modifications (модификация) of the model since then. 4. Horizontally opposed cylinders are used in only a few engine designs. 5. There’s an accelerometer in every current tire-pressure sensor. 6. The assembly was vacuum powered and designed to limit NVH by 1000 rpm in four-cylinder models. 7. There has to be a better solution than using heavy, inefficient batteries to store energy for electrical power. 8. A driver instantly goes for top speed before the tires have warmed up and naturally increased their pressures.
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие группы существительных:
six-speed manual; tire pressure monitor; side airbags; engine torque; power window; cruise control; climate-control fan speed; safety equipment; twin exhaust tips; heel-and-toe downshifting; gas pedal; fuel mileage; low-speed torque multiplication; engine-management computer; rear-parking sensor data; centre touch screen; diesel-style compression ignition; car-to-car communication technique.
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