Специальности «Биология», «Биоэкология»

СЕМЕСТР 6 часов

Литература:

1. Нестерчук, Г.В. Английский язык для cтудентов-заочников / Г.В. Нестерчук, Л.М. Калилец. – Минск: , 2002.

2. Murphy, R. “English Grammar in Use” / R. Murphy. – Cambridge University Press, 1997.

3. Кусков, М.И. English: National Economies / М.И. Кусков. – Минск, 2006.

4. Kalilets, L.M. Colours of My Native Country / L.M. Kalilets, N.Y. Kalilets. – Brest,2003

ЗАДАНИЕ НА ЛЕТНЮЮ СЕССИЮ

(2 семестр)

Устные темы: “State system of Belarus”

“The Economy of Belarus”

“Geographic Characteristics and General Information of Belarus”

Самостоятельное чтение: прочитайте тексты “My Native Town”, “Minsk” и “Education of Belarus”, выпишите и выучите ключевые слова, ответьте на вопросы после текстов, письменно переведите выделенные в них абзацы.

Составьте аннотацию текста “Relief”.

Oral Topic

THE ECONOMY OF BELARUS

Belarus has a well-developed economy. Last year gross domestic product (GDP) of Belarus was about $112 billion. Trade and other services accounted for 41 percent of GDP; industry, including mining and manufacturing, 46 percent; and agriculture and forestry, 13 percent.

Approximately 5.3 million people contribute to the economy of Belarus. Of this total, 42 percent are employed in industry; 21 percent in agriculture and forestry; 17 percent in culture, education, and health services; 7 percent in trade; 7 percent in transportation, and 6 percent in miscellaneous pursuits. Unemployment is officially estimated at 2.1 percent.

Belarus is relatively poor in terms of natural resources. It does not have vast amounts of most of the minerals used in modern industrial production. The country has small reserves of petroleum and natural gas.

In the south-west there are small reserves of hard coal, brown coal, and petroleum, but they are not easily accessible and remain undeveloped. The country has large forest reserves. About one-third of the republic is covered in forest.

Belarus does possess, however, one of the world's largest reserves of potassium salts.

The country also is a world leader in the production of peat, which is especially abundant in the Pripyat Marshes. Peat is used as a mulching material in agriculture. In briquette form it is used as fuel.

Among the other minerals recovered are salt, building materials, chiefly limestone and quartz sands for glassmaking, and small deposits of gold and diamonds.

Belarus is heavily reliant on oil and gas supplies from Russia.

Belarus generates only about 12 percent of its own energy needs. Nearly all electricity is generated at thermal power stations using piped oil and natural gas; however, there is some local use of peat, and there are a number of low-capacity hydroelectric power plants.

Belarus is a highly developed industrial country. The main industries include machine building, instrument making, chemicals, timber processing, textile and clothing manufacture, and food processing.

Manufacturing contributes most of the country's industrial output. The country is known for its heavy-duty trucks, transport vehicles, and tractors. Belarus also manufactures computers, engineering equipment, metal-cutting tools, and such consumer goods as clocks and watches, motorcycles, bicycles, refrigerators, radios, television sets and others. Forests yield many wood products, including furniture, matches, plywood and paper goods.

Heavy industry is the most highly developed sector of the economy. Machine-building industry is mostly concentrated in Minsk. It makes various types of tractors, heavy-duty trucks, other heavy machinery and electrical equipment. Minsk's satellite town, Zhodzino, produces large-capacity dump trucks. Dump trucks are also made in Moghilyov.

Chemical industry produces chemical fibers, mineral fertilizers, petrochemicals, plastics, soda ash, and synthetic resins. The chief chemical product is potassium fertilizer.

Agriculture accounts for about a seventh of Belarus' economic output. Belarus has a large amount of farmland. Most of the country has mixed crop and livestock farming, with a strong emphasis on flax growing. The country's principal crops are potatoes, grains (especially wheat, barley, oats and rye), flax, fruits, sunflowers, vegetables, and sugar beets. Nearly 60 percent of the country's total land area is cultivated. Arable land accounts for about 30 percent of the country's land use, and meadows and pastures account for 15 percent. The 1986 explosion at the Chernobyl' nuclear power station in Ukraine contaminated much of the soil in southern Belarus, reducing the country's total area of arable land by more than 10 percent. Livestock breeding is another main component of agriculture. Cattle, hogs, and sheep are the most important livestock raised in the country.

Service industries are industries that produce services, not goods. Today, private economic activity in the service sector is increasing. Many individuals and families are starting small businesses such as restaurants, barbershops, dry cleaners, and taxi services.

Independent Belarus restructured its banking system into a system consisting of the National Bank of Belarus and a number of commercial banks, most of which are either joint-stock or limited-liability companies. The republic introduced its own currency, the Belarusian ruble, in 1994. It has been the official national currency since January 1995, when circulation of Russian rubles ceased.

Belarus proper consumes only 13% of the goods produced. A great amount of goods produced by Belarusian industries and agriculture is oriented towards the CIS countries' markets. Russia, Poland, and Ukraine remain the republic's main trading partners, with trade increasing with Germany and Italy. Belarus also conducts trade with Austria, China, Great Britain, Lithuania, Switzerland, the United States and other countries.

Belarus exports transport equipment (mainly tractors and trucks), machinery, refrigerators, television sets, chemicals, potassium fertilizers, energy products, wood and paper products, and meat and dairy products. About 60 percent of Belarus' exports go to former Soviet republics. The major exports include tractors to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States and many other countries.

The nation's major imports include petroleum, natural gas, industrial raw materials, textiles, rolled metal, rubber, paint, sugar, and some consumer goods. Fuel is Belarus' largest import expenditure from Russia, which is our most important trading partner.

(adapted from English: National Economies)

Oral Topic

Geographic Characteristics and General Information

The Republic of Belarus lies in the centre of Europe, on the watershed between the Baltic and the Black Sea. It occupies an area of 208 thousand square kilometers, or approximately 2% of the area of Europe. This makes it significantly larger than such countries as Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Greece, Denmark, Portugal, the Czech Republic or Slovakia.

Belarus shares its border with five states: the Russian Federation, Lithuania, Poland, the Ukraine, and Latvia. The frontiers lie mostly in flat country, which has encouraged the creation of water and land communication and the development of strong economic relations with the neighbouring states.

Belarus has a cool continental climate moderated by maritime influences from the Atlantic Ocean. Average January temperatures range from –4° in the southwest to –8° in the northeast, but these days are frequent; correspondingly, the frost-free period decreases from more than 170 days in the southwest to 130 in the northeast. Maximum temperatures in July are about +17° to +19°C. Rainfall is moderate, though higher than over most of the East European Plain, and ranges from 533 millimeters on the lowlands to 700 millimeters on the higher morainic ridges. Maximum rainfall occurs from June to August.

Fresh underground waters are the main source of drinking water supply. There are mineral water springs in various places in Belarus, of different chemical composition, and most of them are believed to have curative effect.

Forests cover approximately 36% of the territory of which two thirds are coniferous. Forests are important for timber industry and for prevention of soil erosion. They are also rich in mushrooms, berries and medicinal herbs and are inhabited by various wild animals and birds.

This wealth of forests and waterways provides the Belarusian people with a much-loved source of recreational activity. Weekend picnics and barbecues, often accompanied by gathering of wild berries, mushrooms and flowers are a valued part of the life of urban dwellers in particular.

Nature reserves and national parks have been established to preserve and study the Republic's flora and fauna. The largest is Byelovezhskaya Pustcha National Nature Park, which contains up to 300 species of animals. Preserved for centuries as the private hunting forest of first the Polish kings and later the Russian tsars, it was made a nature reserve on both sides of the frontier, with about 285 of its nearly 485 square miles lying in Belarus. The reserve is the major home of the European bison, or wisent, the worldwide population of which had been reduced to 40 by 1945 but which now numbers several thousand in that forest alone. Three other state reserves are Berezinski Biosphere Reserve, Pripyatski Landscape-hydrological Reserve and Polesski Radiation-ecological Reserve.

Oral Topic

State System

The complete power in Belarus from 1919 till 1991 belonged to the Communist party. In the framework of such ideologized and monopolized power system democracy couldn't possibly exist. Elections had a very formal character as only the leading Party organs decided who could represent the voters in the Supreme Soviet and in the local Soviets. The Communist party made decisions in all the spheres of the Belarusian people and Belarusian state life. This is proved by the fact that practically all the branches of power till 1990 were the functional limbs of the party organs.

Now Belarus is a presidential republic. State power in the Republic of Belarus is formed and realized through three main branches – legislative, executive and judicial.

According to the Constitution of 1994 and its modifications in 1996, a two-chamber parliament is the supreme standing and exclusive legislative body of state power in the Republic of Belarus. The President of the Republic of Belarus is the chief of the state.

The executive branch is represented by the Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister. The local management and self-management is carried out through the local councils of deputies, executive and directive organs, bodies of self-management, referenda, assemblies, etc.

Courts perform the judicial power in the republic. The Constitutional Court fulfills the control over the constitutional compliance of normative acts in the country. The supervision of the exact and uniform execution of laws by all the bodies of state management, local councils and other legal and also physical persons is carried out by the General Public Prosecutor of the Republic of Belarus.

The control over the fulfillment of the republican budget, the State Control Committee carries out the utilization of state property, the execution of parliamentary acts regulating the relations with state property, economic, financial and tax relations.

The structure of the state system and of the main political institutions of Belarus started to change after the first relatively democratic elections in 1990 and also after the adoption of the new Constitution of the Republic of Belarus on March 15, 1994.

Now the National Meeting of the Republic of Belarus numbers 174 deputies and is divided into two Chambers: the Chamber of Representatives and the Soviet of the Republic. The Chamber of Representatives numbers 110 deputies elected by direct poll in the electoral districts. The Soviet of the Republic is the body of territorial representation. It has 64 members according to the administrative division of the Republic of Belarus. Nearly 95% of the deputies have higher education. The majority of the deputies belongs to the technical intelligentsia, which in many cases enables the Supreme Soviet to follow common sense and economic expediency.

In the National Meeting of the Republic of Belarus there are 19 full-time commissions, the main ones being: Commission on defence and national safety; Commission on foreign affairs; Budget and finance commission; Economic reforms commission; Industrial commission; Commission on employment and social security.

The chairmen of the full-time commissions are members of the National Meeting. According to the new Constitution the head of the state and the chief executive is the President of the Republic of Belarus. To organize the executive powers in the fields of economy, foreign policy, defence, national security and other spheres of the state the President of the Republic of Belarus creates the Council of Ministers. The members of the Council are appointed and dismissed by the President. The Prime Minister, his deputies, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Finance, Minister of Defence, Internal Affairs Minister, KGB Chairman are appointed and dismissed by the President with approval of the Parliament. The Prime Minister governs the activities of the Council of Ministers.

Home reading

Minsk

To a citizen of Minsk it is not merely a town, a capital, a place where he happens to live but a symbol of pride and trust.

The centre of Minsk lies on the plain or even lowland and its edges are stretched far away over the heights and hills. The magnificent view of buildings towering above slight houses of various forms and dimensions opens up when you are contemplating the boundless spaciousness of Minsk. It is no wonder a Minsk citizen sees the city's skyline in his dreams if he is away long enough for nostalgia to set in. The history of Minsk's formation and development is shrouded in the centenary remoteness of events and it can't be easily clarified. The part of the city called Nizky Rynak is probably the initial settlement which “gave birth” to our capital. The most forcible proofs of Nizky Rynak's antiquity are the remains of the ramparts in this part of the city.

Minsk is first mentioned in chronicles as a fortress in the Principality of Polatsk in connection with the battle on the river Nemiga in 1067. In March of that year the sons of the Prince of Kiev Izyaslav, Svyataslav, and Vsevalad marched against Vsyaslav, the Prince of Polatsk, defeated him in the battle and took over Minsk. 120 years later, the author of the “Slova o Polku Igorevym'” described the battle as a vicious massacre in the war between the princes. In 1101 after Prince Vselslav's death, the Principality of Polatsk was divided among his sons. Gleb took possession of Minsk and made it the capital of an independent Principality. There are certain proofs that it was a nourishing commercial centre located at the crossroads of the traditional trade routes from east to west and from north to south. Artisans and merchants exchanged their products for salt, iron, tin and other goods. The largest trade took place on the right bank of the Svisloch. This is believed to have given rise to the name Mensk.

The legends connected with the formation of Minsk really stagger our imagination. Since days immemorial in song and in verse words of love have been passed from generation to generation dedicated to the beloved town. Here is one of them...

Once upon a time a gallant bogatyr-quack nicknamed Menesk settled between the Tatar end and the Beresninski bridge, and built there a large stone mill. Nobody saw Menesk with his own eyes but nevertheless the most unbelievable rumours about the bogatyr's fantastic strength were heard in the surroundings of Svislochskaya land. They say that the flour was grinded not out of rye but of stones, that at night some queer shrieks, songs, music and dances filled the settlement and that at midnight he rode his mill and recruit the most valiant and daring men to his druzhina. Later these people formed the whole nation that settled down near the legendary mill. Here the city was founded and got the name of the gallant bogatyr-quack Menesk.

In the 12^th century the town became the centre of the Principality of Minsk and one of the largest towns in Polatsk land. Its princes made frequent attempts to gain control of the western lands of ancient Rus. In the 14^th century Minsk became a part of the Great Duchy of Lithuania. In order to strengthen their hold on Russian land the Lithuanian princes united with the lords of Poland in 1569. The next 200 years the Belarusian culture was influenced by the Polish and Lithuanian culture. In the year of 1796 Minsk became a provincial centre. The city suffered from the armies of Napoleon in 1812 as well as from the Nazi occupation in 1941. On January 1, 1919 the BSSR was established and on January 5 Minsk became the capital of the newly formed BSSR. In the years under the Soviet power the industrial development of the city became rapid and steady. Minsk has grown into the biggest cultural and scientific centre of Belarus.

But the constructive labour of the Belarusian people was interrupted in 1941 when fascist Germany attacked our country. The Nazi occupation of Minsk lasted for 1100 long days and nights. Underground resistance groups and organizations were set up all over the city to struggle against the enemy. Minsk was liberated on July 3, 1944. When the Red Army soldiers and partisans liberated the city 95% of Minsk lay in ruins. Like the Phoenix bird it rose from the ashes.

There is no need to say that Minsk being the capital of Belarus is one of the most beautiful and significant cities. The spiritual life of people in the capital is varied and interesting. There are more than 20 higher educational establishments in Minsk. Minsk is the “capital" of Belarusian art. It has the best Belarusian theatres and museums, picture galleries, large libraries and the conservatoire. There are many museums of different kinds: the Museum of the History of Great Patriotic War, Yanka Kupala and Yakub Kolas memorial museums, the State Art Museum, etc.

Minsk produces 27% of the gross industrial output of the Republic including tractors, TV sets, watches, motorcycles, bicycles, refrigerators, heavy trucks, radio, woolen fabrics, leather footwear and other consumer goods. Machine building and metalworking play the leading role in the industrial structure of Minsk. Machine building is primarily represented by instrument making and radio electronics and then by the tractor and car industries. We can speak of Minsk in numberless endearments but the most valuable words are kept in the hearts of its citizens. The proverb says, "What you give returns to the giver. Love for love, trust for trust". Minsk entrusted itself to the people and they in their turn enjoy its beauty and glory.