Philip Moves against a Weakened Persia

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ АВТОНОМНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

КРЫМСКИЙ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМЕНИ В.И. ВЕРНАДСКОГО

ГУМАНИТАРНО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ (ФИЛИАЛ) В Г. ЯЛТЕ

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

к практическим занятиям

по английскому языку

для студентов 1-2 курсов по

направлению подготовки 46.03.01 «История»,

для студентов 1-2 курсов по

направлению подготовки 46.04.01 «История».

Магистерская программа

«История и культура регионов России»

УТВЕРЖДЕНО

на заседании кафедры

иностранной филологии и

методики преподавания

от «29 » мая 2015 г.,

протокол № 5

Ялта 2015

УДК [378.147:811.111](076)

Рекомендовано к печати

Ученым советом ГПА (филиал) ФГАОУ ВО

«КФУ им. В. И. Вернадского» в г. Ялте

(от 10. 06. 2015)

Рецензенты:

Дронякина Н. В. – кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры иностранной филологии и методики преподавания ГПА (филиал) ФГАОУ ВО

«КФУ им. В. И. Вернадского» в г. Ялте

Осадчая Т. Ю.– кандидат педагогических наук доцент кафедры иностранной филологии и методики преподавания ГПА (филиал) ФГАОУ ВО «КФУ им. В. И. Вернадского» в г. Ялте

Саргсян А. Л., Береснев А.А.

Методические указания к практическим занятиям по английскому языку.

А.Л. Саргсян, А. А. Береснев. − Ялта : РИО ГПА(филиал) ФГАОУ «КФУ им. В. И. Вернадского», 2015. – 55 с.

Методические указания состоят из 3-х частей и рассчитаны на 28 часов аудиторной работы.Цель методических указаний – научить анализировать, понимать и переводить историческую литературу, расширить лексический запас терминологических единиц по специальности «История».

ã Саргсян А. Л. 2015

ã Береснев А. А. 2015

ã ГПА (филиал) ФГАОУ ВО«КФУим. В. И.Вернадского»

ОБЩИЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ

Магистерская программа «История и культура регионов России»

Цель методических указаний – научить анализировать, понимать и переводить историческую литературу, расширить лексический запас терминологических лексических единиц по специальности «История».

Методические указания состоят из 3-х частей и рассчитаны на 28 часов аудиторной работы. Первая и вторая части состоят из подборки текстов позновательного характера, которые Данные методические указания предназначены для студентов 1-2 курсов по направлению 46.03.01 «История» и для студентов 1-2 курсов по направлению подготовки 46.04.01 «История».

Затрагивают темы жизни и деятельности великого исторического деятеля Александра Македонского. Каждый текст сопровождается лексическим минимумом и подборкой лексико-грамматических упражнений, направленных на активизацию лексики. К каждой из частей прилагаются итоговые тесты для контроля знаний. Третья часть состоит из дополнительных лексических тестов, расчитанных на самостоятельную работу студентов либо аудиторную работу со словарём для расширения словарного запаса по специальности.

ALEXANDER CHANGES THE WORLD

Part 1

Macedonians and Philip II

Macedonians are believed to have as ancestors Dorian Greeks, who had overrun other people in the area. Macedonian kings admired Greek civilization and encouraged Hellenization in their realm, including the learning of Hellenistic technical skills. Macedonians worshiped Greek gods and spoke a dialect of Greek. But it was a dialect that was difficult for the Greeks to understand. Greeks to the south of the Macedonians saw the Macedonians as uncouth barbarians. They made jokes about them. Greeks to the south of the Macedonians looked upon the murderous dynastic intrigues that had marked Macedon's (Macedonia's) recent history as tribal wars. Dynastic disputes in Macedonia had provided Athens or Thebes an excuse to intervene there.

Rather than Greeks from south of Macedonia dominating Macedonia, Macedonia was to dominate them. In 359 BC, the Macedonian king, Perdiccas III, was killed by the Illyrians. His infant son succeeded him, and Perdiccas' twenty-two year-old brother, Philip, was made the infant's regent. Thebes and Athens backed pretenders to Macedonia's throne and Paonian tribesmen continued to raid Macedonia from the north. Philip pushed aside his infant nephew. Then he made himself king, taking the title Philip II.

Ruling from the city of Pella, Philip needed a few months to strengthen his army. He bought time by bribing the Illyrians and the Paeonians. And he bought time by appeasing Athens, ceding to Athens the city of Amphipolis. In 358, with his strengthened army, he invaded Paeonia. Then he led his army against the Illyrians, killing seven thousand in one of the battles. He transferred Macedonians to his kingdom's northern plain, splitting hostile groups and defining the frontier against the Illyrians. The following year he helped stabilize his western frontier by marrying Olympias, the daughter of king Neoptolemus of Epirus.

1. Learn the following words:

2. Match the equivalents:

3. Are the following statements TRUE or FALSE. Correct the false statements:

1. Dorian Greeks are Macedonian ancestors.

2. Macedonians spoke Greek.

3. Greeks treated the Macedonians with respect.

4. Philip was made king after the death of Perdiccas III.

5. Philip made a lot to strengthen the army and to stabilize the frontier.

4. Answer the questions:

1. How did Macedonians encourage Helenization?

2. What was Greeks attitude to Macedonians?

3. How did Phillip II become a king?

4. What did Phillip II do to strengthen the army and stabilize the frontiers?

Philip Creates a Nation

Philip claimed to be descended from Greeks of the Peloponnesian city of Argos. He saw Athens as the center of Greek civilization. He taught his son Alexander to play the lyre, to recite and to debate, and he provided Alexander with no less a tutor than the great Aristotle. Ambassadors from Athens would tell Philip that he was "thoroughly Greek." They praised him for his memory and ability as a speaker. Philip was determined to strengthen his realm and to unite it into a nation. He saw that Macedonia could become a great power, and he saw opportunity in the divisions and quarrels among the Greek city-states. He knew that Macedonia had much in natural and human resources. Macedonia was developing agriculturally. Unlike many Greek states to the south, Macedonia was economically self-sufficient. It had timber. It had great mines. Its plains were abundant with fruit, sheep and cattle. Philip encouraged trade, which provided him with more revenues. Macedonians were hard working, hard fighting and unaccustomed to the soft living and luxuries that many Greeks to the south enjoyed.

Philip's greatest instrument of unity was his army. It was a national army, professional and highly disciplined. He trained it constantly and kept it permanently mobilized. It was an army with an elite cavalry. It had siege weapons, and it had a new formation called the phalanx - rows of soldiers packed closely together, unweighted by body armor and carrying pikes fifteen feet in length, which was longer than those carried by the Greeks to the south. In 357 Philip took back Amphipolis, a gateway to Thrace. Athens, with its powerful navy, failed to win back Amphipolis or to prevent further expansion by Philip. And, in 356, Philip took the Thracian city of Crenides and renamed it Philippi, a city from which he began controlling neighboring gold mines. Greek cities invited Philip to join them as an ally in their quarrels with other Greek cities. And, skilled at diplomacy as well as at war, Philip made alliances. In 353, Philip took the city of Methone on the coast just south of Pella. He advanced south of Mount Olympus. In 352 he began dominating cities in Thessaly. In 350, he absorbed the city of Stagira, just south of Amphipolis, and within two years he had all of Chalcidice. These successes gave Philip more land with which to support horses, more men for his armies and more revenues. He had more land to give to nobles as rewards for their loyalty, and the nobles, impressed by Philip’s military successes, were now firmer in their recognition of his authority. Philip's military successes made common Macedonians feel more secure. It lifted their optimism and morale and brought him more enthusiastic support. In 342, Philip installed his brother on the throne of Epirus. He left his sixteen year-old son, Alexander, in charge of Macedonia and led his army eastward into Thrace, reaching the city of Perinthus in 340. Philip’s army laid siege to Perinthus and Byzantium, and Alexander led a force that defeated a rebellion by the Maedi people of Thrace. Then Philip backed away from his sieges against Perinthus and Byzantium. He had decided that he did not want to provoke Athens by threatening its trade route into and out of the Black Sea.

1. Learn the following words:

2. Match the equivalents:

3. Find English equivalents in the text. Make up your own sentences with them:

1.Укреплять государство; 2.экономическая независимость; 3.поддерживать торговлю; 4. осадное оружие; 5. оставить под опекой; 6. заключать союз.

4. Answer the questions:

1. Why was Philip considered to be “thoroughly Greek”?

2. Why could Macedonia become a great power?

3. What was Macedonian army like?

4. What were the main victories of Macedonia?

Philip Dominates Greece

Sparta was a weakened city, and other Greek cities remained weakened by their divisions and wars. By now, Philip's kingdom was the dominant power in his league with other Greek cities. Athens and Thebes were at war against each other over control of the sacred site at Delphi, and late in the year 339 Philip took advantage of this by moving his army into central Greece. Thebes and Athens were alarmed and put aside their warring to join forces against Philip and his Greek allies. The following year, Philip defeated them, and gained domination over all mainland cities except Sparta. Alexander, now eighteen, had contributed to these victories by having commanded the left-wing of Philip's army, and he had proved himself a courageous and resourceful commander. Philip offered Athens an alliance with favorable terms that Athens was glad to accept. Having failed at unity among themselves, the cities south of Macedonia had become united by Macedonia. Philip held autocratic authority over his league of Greek cities. He created a federal constitution and a council of representatives for his league, and he made the city of Corinth the meeting place where these representatives would settle issues that arose among them. He held all the member states responsible for contributing to order within the league: for defense against brigandage, against piracy and against trouble from those seeking a redistribution of wealth or abolition of debts. The league's politics were to be conservative, bringing an end to the trend toward reform and democracy that had begun with Solon more than two hundred years before.

1. Learn the following words:

2. Match the equivalents:

3. Find English equivalents in the text. Make up your own sentences with them:

1. Преимущество; 2.объединить силы; авторитарное правление; 3.принять решение; 4.священное место; 5.аннулирование долгов; 6.изобретательный командир;

4. Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions:

foratwithoverto

1. They had been …… war for five years, and there was still no sign of victory.

2. The country will contribute 1,000 troops …… the operation.

3. Philip formed an alliance …… other countries.

4. Parents have legal authority …… their children.

5. He was responsible …… the accident.

5. Answer the questions:

1. What helped Philip’s kingdom to become a dominant power?

2. Was Sparta under Macedonian’s dominance?

3. What were the principles of Philip’s ruling over the league of Greek cities?

4. What were the responsibilities of the member states?

5. Was the league’s policy a democratic one?

Philip Moves against a Weakened Persia

Since the death of Persia's king Artaxerxes I in 425, Persia had been suffering from incompetent monarchs. Jealousies within the Persian royal family, corruption, palace and harem intrigues and regicide had occurred.

Darius II, who had ruled to 404, had been unpopular and had spent much time quelling revolts. Under Artaxerxes II, the subject peoples of the Persian Empire had become restless. Artaxerxes III, had massacred his brother's family and gained the throne in 358 BCE, and he ruled by terror until he had been poisoned in 338 by one of his ministers. Meanwhile, money that poured into Persia's royal treasury from tributes and taxes had been hoarded rather than spent, which resulted in economic stagnation. Also, Persia's aristocracy, the backbone of its military, had been growing soft. Their moderation in eating and drinking had given way to eating as a preoccupation, with meals lasting from noon to night. And they had grown accustomed to being waited on by numerous slaves. Philip was aware of Persia's weakness. He saw opportunity to punish the Persians for their ruinous attacks on Hellenic sanctuaries the century before. Also he wished to free Greek cities in Asia Minor from Persian domination, to extend his league's naval power (which was mainly Athenian), to extend his league's commerce, and to settle people deep in Asia Minor as a buffer against Persia. Philip's league declared war and commissioned Philip to lead their armies against Persia. In the spring of 336, Philip sent an advance party of several thousand into Asia Minor, which overthrew various dictators favored by Persia, and a few Greek cities in Asia Minor joined Philip's league. But before Philip's great invasion of Asia Minor, personal problems intervened.

Philip had divorced Alexander's mother, Olympias, and had married a younger woman. Olympias and Philip attended the marriage celebration of their daughter, and there one of Philip's former close companions leaped upon him and murdered him. When the assassin ran to a horse to escape, Philip's bodyguards killed him, and it was never to be known for certain whether the assassination was the work of his lone individual or a conspiracy.

Philip's generals supported Alexander as Philip's successor, and Alexander restored his mother as queen of Macedonia. Soon Olympias was to execute the young woman Philip had recently married, Cleopatra, and the daughter Cleopatra had had by Philip. Alexander held an inquiry into who might have conspired with the assassin, which concluded with the announcement that the assassination was the work of Persian agents.

1. Learn the following words:

2. Match the equivalents:

3. Find English equivalents in the text. Make up your own sentences with them:

1. Бездарные монархи; 2.дворцовые интриги; 3.завоёвывать трон; 4.многочисленные рабы; 5.разрушительные набеги; 6.Малая Азия; 7.главный походной загон; 8.свергнуть диктатора; 9.близкие товариши в прошлом.

4. Answer the questions:

1. Was Persia a strong country?

2. What was Persia’s aristocracy like? Why was it important?

3. Why was Philip eager to dominate Persia?

4. What stopped Philip from his great invasion of Asia Minor?

5. Who was Philip’s successor?

Alexander Conquers

Philip's passing created hope for freedom among some Greeks. And, in 335, Thebans heard and believed a rumor that Alexander had also died. They revolted and trapped a Macedonian garrison in their city's citadel.

Alexander led an army to Thebes, and in street fighting he overpowered the Thebans. He scattered the Thebans and sold many into slavery. All other Greek resistance to Macedonian domination suddenly ceased, and Alexander returned to pursuing his father's plan to liberate the Greeks in Asia Minor.

In 334, Alexander started his army eastward toward Asia Minor. It was an army of nearly forty thousand, including secretaries, scientists and philosophers. Security on the homefront was supplied by Greece's navy, an army of 12,000 infantry, 1,500 cavalry in Macedonia and reserves elsewhere within the alliance who could be called up in an emergency - all under the command of Alexander's most trusted general: the aging Antipater. Alexander had inherited an efficient military machine, and he had learned lessons in good military strategy and diplomacy. Moreover, among kings he was exceptional: he could plan like a master chess player, and in battle he was bold and quick in seeing sudden shifts in advantages and disadvantages. Alexander's opponent was the forty-six year-old Darius III, a refined and intelligent man but without much energy or foresight and a poor military commander. Darius underestimated Alexander's strength, but he sent against him a force three times as large, a force that included able horsemen and 20,000 or so Greek mercenary infantrymen, largely men who had run from Greece with Philip's defeat of their cities.

In sixty boats, Alexander's army crossed the strait called Hellespont into Asia Minor, at Abydos, and met Darius' army on the opposite side of the Granicus River. On horseback Alexander led a charge across the river and was met by Darius' top ranking officers and combatants. He emerged from this hand to hand combat alive, with most of Darius' leading generals dead. The disorderly ranks of the Persian infantry became easy targets for the long spears and solid ranks of the Macedonians, and the Macedonians cut them to pieces. Darius' Greek mercenaries remained in formation and refused to surrender. Alexander's forces charged, and only around two thousand of the mercenaries survived, to be sent as slaves to work at Macedonia's mines.

1. Learn the following words:

2. Match the equivalents:

3. Find English equivalents in the text. Make up your own sentences with them:

1. Заманить в ловушку; 2. придерживаться плана; 3.внутренний фронт; 4. в случае необходимости; 5.неблагоприятное положение; 6.плохой военачальник; 7.цельные шеренги; 8.рукопашный бой; 9. разбивать на части.

4. Are the following statements TRUE or FALSE. Correct the false statements:

1. Thebans used a rumor about Alexander’s death to make themselves free of Macedonian domination.

2. Alexander was a poor commander without much foresight.

3. Darius estimated Alexander’s strength too low.

4. Macedonians defeated Darius’ army with no soldiers left alive.

5. Answer the questions:

1. What was the reason for Thebans revolt? How did it start?

2. What was Alexander’s reaction to the Thebans and Greek resistance?

3. What was Alexander’s army like?

4. Why was Alexander thought to be an exceptional commander?

5. Why was Darius’ army defeated?

Winning Hearts and Minds

Alexander was intelligent enough to avoid hating those thought to be his enemies, and after his first victory over the Persians he honored the dead Persian troops as well as his own, and he paid a special honor to the Persian commander who had come close to killing him. But the historian who accompanied Alexander, Callisthenes (Aristotle's nephew), described Alexander's victory over the Persians as the work of the Greek goddess of revenge, Nemesis -- revenge for Persia's misdeeds against the Greeks more than a century before.

News of Alexander's victory spread fast through the Mediterranean region and West Asia. Greek cities in Asia Minor began setting up democracies and opening their gates to Alexander. Awed by Alexander's success, various cities proclaimed Alexander a divinity. But Miletus and a couple of other cities resisted, and Alexander overpowered them. Alexander was always ready to punish rebellion, as he had against Thebes, but he also wished to win hearts and minds. In the fighting at Miletus he offered a pardon to Greek mercenaries and citizens holding the inner city, and, respecting the courage of the Greek mercenaries there, he offered them service in his own army. In Asia Minor his forces limited their taking of spoils mainly to armor and weapons. They took no more captives to sell as slaves, and Alexander forbade reprisals against civilians.

It had been spring when Alexander invaded Asia Minor. Cities that had been ruled by Persian satraps were now garrisoned by Macedonians and their Greek allies. These cities were allowed to run their own local affairs, with Alexander unopposed to any inclinations they had toward democracy. Where local people were accustomed to a Persian system of administration, Alexander accepted the Persian system, and he improved it by dividing what had been the powers of the local Persian governor into three different offices: civil, military and financial. Aristotle had advised Alexander to turn those non-Greeks he defeated into slaves, but Alexander had begun a policy of winning their respect and cooperation. He brought a Persian commander into his own entourage. And he happily let himself become the adopted son of a princess -- soon to be queen -- of the non-Greek royal house of Caria, in Asia Minor's southwest.

1. Learn the following words:

2. Match the equivalents:

3. Find English equivalents in the text. Make up your own sentences with them:

1.Предоставить особую честь; 2. богиня мести; 3. быстро распространиться; 4. подавить мятеж; завоевать душу и разум; 5. приносить извинения; 6. запретить месть; 7. проводить свою политику; 8. обращать в рабство; 9. привлекать в свое окружение; приёмный сын.

4. Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions:

towardsthroughtoagainst

1. The dictator may be charged with crimes ................. humanity.

2. The news spread quickly .................. the troops.

3. Not much has been done ................. improving safety.

4. He quickly became accustomed ................ the local customs.

5. Fill in the gap in each sentence with a suitable word:

to accompany captive honoreddivinityrevenge

1. He will be ........................ for his work in promoting friendship between the two countries.

2. The villagers seemed certain to take ......................... on the enemy.

3. She was kidnapped and held ........................... for over a week.

4. I must ask you ............................ me to the police station.

5. He was proclaimed a ......................... for his deeds.

6. Answer the questions:

1. What did Alexander do after his first victory over the Persians?

2. In what way did Alexander’s victory affect Greek cities in Asia Minor?

3. What was Alexander’s policy in Asia Minor?

TESTS

Variant 1

1. Complete the text with the following words: