THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political name of the country which is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. This name is often abbreviated to "the United Kingdom" or "UK". The country is sometimes called as Great Britain or Britain (after its major island), England (after its major historical part) or the British Isles. But when we refer to the country in a political, rather than in a geographical name, we should call it "the United Kingdom" or "Britain".

The United Kingdom is situated on the British Isles which comprise two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and some 5,500 small and large islands. Their total area is 244,100 square kilometers (94,250 sq. miles).

The largest island, Great Britain, consists of three main parts: England (the southern and middle part of the island), Wales (a moun­tainous peninsular1 in the west) and Scotland (the northern part of the island). The second in size is the island of Ireland in which Northern Ireland occupies one third of the territory. In the south it borders on the Irish republic that is completely independent. Several islands off the British coast are also part of the United Kingdom, although the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are not. However, all these islands do recognize the Queen.

Many foreigners use "England" and "English" when they mean "Britain" and "British". This is very annoying for the 5 million people who live in Scotland, the 3 million in Wales and 1.5 million in Northern Ireland who are certainly not English. (49 million people live in England.) However, the people from Scotland (the Scottish), Wales (the Welsh), Northern Ireland (the Irish) and England (the English) are all the British. There are a great number of immigrants from British Asian and African colonies. Around 3.5 million belong to ethnic minorities. With some 58 million people, Britain ranks about the 14th in terms of population.

English is the official language of the United Kingdom. But English is not the only language of the country. Some people living in western and northern Scotland speak Gaelic; others, living in northern and central Wales, speak Welsh. Wales is officially bilingual. Some immigrant groups continue to use their own language, usually in addition to English.

The British Isles are separated from the European Continent by the North Sea, the English Channel and the Strait of Dover. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The warm currents of the Atlantic Ocean influence the climate of Great Britain. The climate is generally mild and temperate. In the south the temperature occasionally rises above 30 °C ; winter temperatures below - 10 °C are rare. The coldest months are usually January and February, the warmest - July and August.

There are not very many rivers in Britain. Most of the rivers flow into the North Sea. The busiest and the most important river in the country is the Thames. British greatest ports are associated with such rivers as the Thames, the Mersey, the Tyne and the Clyde.

The landscape is rich and varied, sometimes showing marked contrast within short distances, particularly on the coasts. Most of the land is agricultural, one third of which is arable, growing various crops, and the rest - pasture and grazing. Woodlands cover about 8 per cent of the country.

The United Kingdom is a highly industrialized country though it is not rich in mineral resources. There are some deposits of coal and iron ore and vast deposits of oil and gas that were discovered in the North Sea. The main industries of the country are engineering, ship­building, fishing, machinery, sheep breeding, woolen, textile and some others. New industries have been developed in the last four decades. The main industrial centres are London, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Glasgow, Bristol, Sheffield, Edinburgh.

The capital city of the United Kingdom and England is London. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. The capital of Wales is Cardiff. Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland.

The national flag of the United Kingdom, approved in 1801, is known as the Union Jack. It is a combination of the three crosses: the upright red cross of St. George, the patron saint of England; the white diagonal cross of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland; the red diagonal cross of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. Although Wales is part of the United Kingdom it has its own national flag.

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THE USA

Arising from the light-grey haze, slightly coloured by the dawn, America shows its beauty to us. The United States of America, commonly called the United States or simply America, lies in the central part of the North American continent with the Atlantic Ocean to the East, the Pa­cific to the West, Canada to the North, and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the South.

The United States covers an area of 3,618,770 square miles (9,372,571 sq. km) and has a population of more than 249.6 mln. Being the leading capitalist country it has covered a most compli­cated and contradictory way of development in the more than 200 years of its existence. The USA past shows scientific, indus­trial, agricultural growth and welfare and alongside with this fantastic economic crises and high rates of unemployment.

The USA is divided into 50 states and the District of Columbia (the territory under the capital Washington), the seat of the na­tional government.

The USA is a country of great differences. At the same time, it has surprising similarities when one considers its size. The dif­ferences are partly a result of the geography. One cannot gener­alize about the weather, the landscape,, or even the way of living because the nation occupies nearly half of a continent. In it can be found high mountains and the flattest of prairies, tropical heat and arctic cold, fertile valleys and deserts. There is a variety of natural resources. All sorts of products are raised, and there are industries of every kind. Some of the most densely and most sparsely populated areas of the world are found in the United States.

If you want to go from San Francisco to New York by train, you must ride more than three thousand miles. On your way you will pass fertile plains of the famous fruit-rising area, the Sierra Nevada mountains with their snow-capped peaks and clear moun­tain lakes, the Salt Lake desert, the plains of sheep and cattle country known as the land of cowboys, and the richest industrial region of the country. You finally arrive in New York, the largest city in the USA.

There are many large and modern cities, but a great propor­tion of the country consists of open land dotted with farm-houses and small towns In some regions small communities are still pro­vincial. In spite of this, however, and in spite of the size of the country, there are striking uniformities in the American scene that surprise foreign observers. There is an appearance of the country as a whole that might be said to be typically American. The usual town of average size, in any part of the United States, has its "main street", with the same types of stores selling the same products. Every town has the same type of drug-store and supermarket. There is some variety of architecture, due to the differences in climate, locality, and national backgrounds of the people." Yet, many American residential areas, especially new ones, tend to have a similar look. The similarities result from the extreme mobility of the population and the interchange of goods.

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