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Science Learning Easier When Students Actively Recall Information
The study, “Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning Than Elaborative Studying With Concept Mapping,” tested both learning strategies alongside each other. “In prior research, we established that practicing retrieval is a powerful way to improve learning,” said Karpicke. “Here we put retrieval practice to the test by comparing its effectiveness to an elaborative study method, specifically elaborative studying by creating concept maps.” Concept mapping requires students to construct a diagram – typically using nodes or bubbles – that shows relationships among ideas, characteristics or materials. These concepts are then written down as a way of encoding them in a person's memory. In two studies, reported by Karpicke and his colleague, Purdue University psychology student Janell Blunt, a total of 200 students studied texts on topics from different science disciplines. One group engaged in elaborative study using concept maps while a second one practiced retrieval; they read the texts, then put them away and practiced freely recalling concepts from the text. After an initial study period, both groups recalled about the same amount of information. But when the students returned to the lab a week later to assess their long-term learning, the group that studied by practicing retrieval showed a 50 percent improvement in long-term retention above the group that studied by creating concept maps. This, despite the students own predictions about how much they would actually remember. Karpicke found that when students have the material right in front of them, they think they know it better than they actually do. “It may be surprising to realize that there is such a disconnect between what students think will afford good learning and what is actually best. We, as educators, need to keep this in mind as we create learning tools and evaluate educational practices,” he said.
(по материалам сайта www.freerepublic.com) ТЕМА 6 СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ Страдательный залог показывает, что подлежащее выражает лицо или предмет, над которым совершается действие. Категория страдательного залога свойственна и русскому, и английскому языку, однако ее употребление в английском языке гораздо шире, поэтому существует и больше способов ее передачи на русский язык. В ряде случаев перевод страдательного залога не вызывает особых трудностей и требует незначительных изменений английского предложения, например:
Таблица 6
Особую сложность при передаче на русский язык вызывают: непрямые страдательные конструкции (напр.: I am invited to all the parties); глаголы с послелогами (напр.: This article is often referred to); английские глаголы, требующие после себя беспредложного дополнения, которые при переводе требуют предложного дополнения (напр.: He was attacked); глаголы в страдательном залоге, за которыми следует два предлога подряд (напр.: These conditions will be objected to by other scientists). (Слепович В.С., стр. 111-112 ) Особенности перевода на русский язык: Таблица 7
(Рубцова М. Г., стр. 156-158) ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Переведете устно предложения. Определите способы перевода страдательного залога. 1. They could be relied upon in this situation. 2. The rules have been explained to the students. 3. Не was laughed at by all his friends. 4. The book was written by a well known author. 5. Right now, the answer is being written by N. 6. The delegates will be met at the airport. 6. Scientific articles are usually published in special journals. 7. They were taught English a year ago. 8. By the 1st of February the last exam will have been passed. 9. He was given a book by his teacher. 10. All observations were made by a group of post graduate students. 11. French is spoken in many countries of the world. 12. The car was being repaired. 13. Everybody was given a chance to present his ideas for discussion. 14. In everyday speech no attention is paid to the ward order in sentences. 15. Economic problems will certainly be taken care of by the new government. 16. They were followed by a strange person. 17. The phenomenon was watched by many people. 18. This rule should not be ignored. 19. The different situations are analyzed in the book.
ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Переведете письменно предложения. Определите способы перевода страдательного залога. 1. People are united into labour-organizational groups to accomplish a certain purpose or objective that determines its composition, structure and type of activities, interpersonal interaction and relations. 2. These facts can readily be put in a curriculum vitae to impress others. 3. HP, Cisco and IBM are gearing up to fight what has come to be called the “war for the data centre”. 4. The values of the society are influenced by various implementations of technology and new technology often raises new ethical questions. 5. The nature of connections in ecological communities cannot be explained by knowing the details of each species in isolation, because the emergent pattern is neither revealed nor predicted until the ecosystem is studied as an integrated whole. 6. Еhe Grand Duke Ivan IV was officially crowned the first Tsar of Russia in 1547. 7. Facts may be understood as that which makes a true sentence true. Facts may also be understood as those things to which a true sentence refers. 8. Public university systems are ruled over by government-run higher education boards. 8. The first railway across the Urals had been built by 1878 and linked Perm to Yekaterinburg via Chusovoy, Kushva and Nizhny Tagil. 9. The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the fauna, and wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers. ЗАДАНИЕ 3. Переведете письменно предложения. 1. Раньше его часто приглашали на научные конференции. 2. Прежде чем он вышел из дома, его прождали почти полчаса. 3. Эта работа будет выполнена только квалифицированными специалистами. 4. На его научные убеждения сильно повлияли взгляды его учителя. 5. Мне очень часто присылают рекламу по электронной почте. 6. Одна и та же ошибка была допущена в нескольких документах. 7. На него часто надеются. 8. Когда он зашел в мастерскую, его машину все еще ремонтировали. 9. Это слово было заимствовано из французского языка в прошлом веке. 10. В этом проекте были задействованы все работники предприятия.
ЗАДАНИЕ 4. Выполните письменный перевод текста. Проанализируйте способы перевода страдательного залога.
Fast Facts on Pizza
In restaurants, pizza can be baked in an oven with stone bricks above the heat source, an electric deck oven, a conveyor belt oven or, in the case of more expensive restaurants, a wood- or coal-fired brick oven. On deck ovens, the pizza can be slid into the oven on a long paddle, called a peel, and baked directly on the hot bricks or baked on a screen (a round metal grate, typically aluminum). When made at home, it can be baked on a pizza stone in a regular oven to reproduce the effect of a brick oven. Another option is grilled pizza, in which the crust is baked directly on a barbecue grill. Greek pizza, like Chicago-style pizza, is baked in a pan rather than directly on the bricks of the pizza oven.
(по материалам сайта www.bellybytes.com) ТЕМА 7 МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ Модальные глаголы выражают не действие, а отношение к действию (возможность, вероятность и необходимость его совершения). Основными модальными глаголами в английском языке являются: Can (could) – «могу, можем, могут, может (умею, физически можно что-то сделать); May (might) – «могу, можем, могут, может» (разрешено, есть возможность что-то сделать); Must – «должен, должны, должно» (нужно, должно быть что-то сделано). Will, would – «обычно» (значение обычности, повторяемости действия в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем).
Модальное значение имеют также следующие английские глаголы: Ought to – «следовало бы» (вежливое настояние); Need – «нужно» (чаще употребляется в отрицательной и вопросительной формах); Shall – «обязательно» (выражает «безоговорочное» долженствование); Should – «следовало бы», «следует» (выражает более мягкое настояние); Will, would – «обычно» (значение обычности, повторяемости действия в
Особенности перевода на русский язык: 1. Одному модальному глаголу в английском языке может соответствовать несколько модальных глаголов в русском, например: He can write. Он может (умеет) писать. He may write. Он может (разрешается) писать. 2. Эквиваленты be toиhave to могут переводиться одним словом «должен», например: He has to put some petrol in the car. Он должензаправить машину бензином. The train is to arrive at 7. Поезд долженприбыть в 7 часов. 3. В тех случаях, когда встречается сочетание модального эквивалента и модального глагола, следует переводить оба глагола, например: They may have to take the value into account. Возможно, им придется принять эту величину во внимание. (Рубцова М. Г., стр. 189-198) ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Переведете устно предложения. Проанализируйте значения модальных глаголов. 1. Polar Bears can run at 25 miles an hour and jump over 6 feet in the air. 2. All the preparations must have been completed long ago. 3. Decoding the human genome involves analyzing 3 billion base pairs – which took ten years the first time it was done, in 2003, but can now be achieved in one week. 4. This makes it possible to do many things that previously could not be done: spot business trends, prevent diseases, combat crime and so on. 5. People should be worried about how we train the next generation. 6. You couldn’t have seen jumbo jet in flight a couple of years ago. 7. We can produce laser light a million times brighter than sunshine. 8. You may look through the results of his experiment. 9. Researchers are now able to understand human behaviour at the population level rather than the individual level. 10. You can see the outlines of data-centred economy, but the technical, infrastructural and even business-model implications are not well understood right now. 11. We are to take certain special steps to reduce the weight of the mechanical part. 12. He may have got the capacitor he needed. 13. He could not have overlooked such a serious mistake. 14. They ought to have paid more attention to the problem of fuel consumption. 15. This line should have been put into operation. 15. You should have used а computer system especially designed to allow for certain physical changes in the atmosphere. 16. To look at the World Wide Web from your computer you need to have a piece of software called a web browser.
ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Переведете письменно предложения. Проанализируйте значения модальных глаголов. 1. Managed well, the data can be used to provide fresh insights into science. 2. For example, Farecast, a part of Microsoft’s search engine Bing, can advise customers whether to buy an airline ticket now or wait for the price to come down by examining 225 billion flight and price records. 3. To be sure, digital records should make life easier for doctors, bring down costs for providers and patients and improve the quality of care. 4. Banks are aggregating their customer data to show up macroeconomic trends, which may develop into businesses in their own right. 5. To meet this large demand for power, more generating capacity should be created. 6. We are to take into consideration all the advantages and disadvantages to decide what information system is the best for the future work. 7. This arrangement must be perfectly reliable in operation. 8. He cannot have broken the tube while making this experiment. 9. The chief might have obliged him to do this if he wanted. 10. He is to have the necessary material to accomplish his model in time. 11. Problems that might have taken years to solve are solved within a few months or even weeks. 12. The engineer might have overlooked something that may turn out to be important in carrying out this experiment. 13. Users of popular open source packages will get correct answers to their technical questions within a few hours of asking for help on the appropriate Internet forum. 14. Nowadays, scientists have found evidence that comets not only may have taken life away through cataclysmic impacts, they may have helped provide life by supplying Earth with vital molecules such as water.
ЗАДАНИЕ 3. Переведете письменно предложения. 1.Можешь ли ты мне ответить не этот вопрос? 2. Могу ли я пойти к врачу? 3. Я должен был встретить ее, но не смог. 4. Сегодня вам пришлось встать рано. 5. Кто может перевести это предложение. 6. Не может быть, чтобы он не слышал об этом актере. 7. Когда мы должны готовить доклад? 8. Она должна была сказать ему об этом. 9. Он, должно быть, решил эту проблему много лет назад. 10. Вам следовало пригласить ее на ужин. Почему Вы не сделали этого? 11.Ты мог бы поздравить ее с днем рождения. 12. Не может быть, чтобы было так поздно.
ЗАДАНИЕ 4. Выполните письменный перевод текста. Проанализируйте способы перевода страдательного залога. What’s a Google?
As you might imagine the number is rarely used except maybe in theoretical and computational calculations, however the big question is whether a number bigger than a Googol exists? Well funnily enough there is and it’s called a googolplex which would be a number 1 followed by, wait for it not one thousand zeros, not even one million zeros but a googol zeroes. Getting confused? Well you should be because this number is so large that it’s almost impossible to imagine and also impossible to write because doing so would require more space than the known universe provides. Absolutely mind boggling you may think! Lastly for those of you that are interested in where this term actually came from, well it was popularized in the 1940′s by the American mathematician Edward Kasner who created it as a useful number when comparing unimaginably large numbers with infinity. Oh and the actual term “googol” was coined by his then 9 year old nephew Milton Sirotta, not bad for a 9 year old!
(по материалам сайта www.science-facts.com)
ТЕМА 8 ИНФИНИТИВ
Показателем инфинитива (неопределенной формы глагола) в английском языке является частица to. Инфинитив произошел от существительного с предлогом to, который показывает направление к чему-либо, отсюда и основное значение инфинитива (в простой форме) – он передает то, что еще будет или должно быть сделано: to write – писать, to go – идти и т.д. Характерной особенностью английского инфинитива, в сравнении с русским инфинитивом, является наличие сложных форм, как в действительном, так и в страдательной залоге (табл. 8). Таблица 8
Инфинитив может играть роль любого члена предложения: подлежащего, дополнения, определения, обстоятельства и вводного члена предложения. Особенности перевода на русский язык: 1. Простые формы инфинитива (Indefinite) чаще всего переводятся неопределенной формой глагола, существительным, реже причастием или глаголом в личной форме (табл.11). |
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Put down those science text books and work at recalling information from memory. That's the message of new research from Purdue University that says practicing memory retrieval boosts science learning far better than elaborate study methods. Educators traditionally rely on learning activities that encourage elaborate study techniques focused on improving the encoding of information into memory. But, when students practice retrieval, they set aside the material they are trying to learn and instead practice calling it to mind.
The Ancient Greeks covered their bread with oils, herbs and cheese. In Byzantine Greek, the word was spelled πίτα or pita, meaning pie. The Romans developed placenta, a sheet of flour topped with cheese and honey and flavored with bay leaves. Modern pizza originated in Italy as the Neapolitan pie with tomato. In 1889, cheese was added.
Authentic Neapolitan pizzas are typically made with tomatoes and Mozzarella cheese. They can be made with ingredients like San Marzano tomatoes, which grow on the volcanic plains to the south of Mount Vesuvius, and mozzarella di bufala Campana, made with the milk from water buffalo raised in the marshlands of Campania and Lazio in a semi-wild state (this mozzarella is protected with its own European protected designation of origin). According to the rules the genuine Neapolitan pizza dough consists of wheat flour, natural Neapolitan yeast or brewer's yeast, salt and water. For proper results, strong flour with high protein content be used. The dough must be kneaded by hand or with a low-speed mixer. After the rising process, the dough must be formed by hand without the help of a rolling pin or other machine, and may be no more than 3 mm (⅛ in) thick. The pizza must be baked for 60 – 90 seconds in a 485 °C stone oven with an oak-wood fire. When cooked, it should be crispy, tender and fragrant.
When you hear the word Google the first image that comes to mind has to be the famous internet search engine but does the word actually mean anything? Well the answer is a firm yes because it comes from the term “Googol” which represents a number (written as a 1 followed by 100 zeros) so large that it’s actually larger than the total number of atoms in the known universe.