VI. Define the function of Participle II. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. Heated glass is plastic. 2. When heated glass can be easily worked. 3. Some heat-resistant types of glasses can be heated until they are red and they do not break, if then placed into ice water. 4. Spaceships made of polymers will be much lighter. 5. The development of heavy industry in our country is paid great attention to. 6. The planet Mercury is not seen in the bright sunlight. 7. When frozen water is a colourless solid known as ice. 8. Weather forecasts reported last week were incorrect.
ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ “PERFECT”
(PASSIVE, ACTIVE)
Perfect Tenses выражают действия, законченные к определённому моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем.
Perfect Tenses oбразуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в соответствующем времени, лице, числе и Participle II(причастия страдательного залога) смыслового глагола.
A group of researchers has developed new equipment for TV communication via outer space.
Группа исследователей разработала новое оборудование для телевизионной связи через космическое пространство.
I have seen a new film.
Я посмотрел новый фильм.
He has already visitedmany foreign countries.
Он уже посетил много зарубежных стран.
При образовании отрицательной формы времён группы Perfect сохраняется порядок слов утвердительного предложения, отрицание notставится между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголом.
I have not been to Moscow yet.
Я ещё не был в Москве.
I have not seen this film yet.
Я еще не посмотрел этот фильм.
При образовании вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол to have ставится перед подлежащим, а смысловой глагол – после подлежащего.
Во временах группы Perfect время, лицо и число глагола-сказуемого определяется по вспомогательному глаголу to have.
Смысловой глагол в форме Participle II не изменяется.
Have you ever met him before?
Ты когда-либо раньше встречался с ним?
Have you sent the letter?
Ты ужеотправилписьмо?
| Временная форма
| Образова-
ние
| Пример
|
| | Present Perfect Tense
(Active)
| have(has) + Participle II
| We have finished our experiment.
Мы закончили наш опыт.
| | Употребляется:
1. когда время совершения действия не указано, но действие
явно закончено к настоящему моменту и связано с этим моментом.
2. со словами, выражающими период времени, не закончившийся к настоящему моменту:
this week на этой неделе, this month в этом месяце,
this year в этом году, todayсегодня и т.д.
6. c наречиями неопределённого времени, которые обычно
стоят между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголами: often часто, seldom редко, alwaysвсегда, neverникогда, everкогда-нибудь, justтолько что, not yetещё не, sometimesиногда.
7. c предлогом sinceс (с какого-то момента в прошлом до
настоящего времени) и с союзом sinceс тех пор как.
Переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола совершенного вида.
| | Past Perfect Tense
(Active)
| had + Participle II
|
We had finished our experiment by 5 o’clock.
Мы закончили опыт к 5 часам.
| | Употребляется:
чтобы подчеркнуть законченность действия к определённому моменту в прошлом. Если этот момент выражен обстоятельством с предлогом by, то этот предлог переводится русским предлогом «к»
Переводится прошедшим временем.
| | Future Perfect Tense
(Active)
| shall(will) + Participle II
|
We shall have completed our
experiments by the end of the week.
Мы уже закончим наши опыты кконцу недели.
| | Употребляется:
чтобы подчеркнуть то, что действие закончится до определённого момента в будущем.
Переводится на русский язык глаголами несовершенного вида в будущем времени, обычно с наречием «уже»
| | Perfect Tense
(Passive)
|
to have been + Participle II
|
Great deposits of coal have been discovered in our region.
Крупные залежи угля (были) открыты в нашем районе.
| | Переводитсяна русский язык по общим правилам перевода глагола в страдательном залоге.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Exercises:
I. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect Tense.
1. She (do) no homework this month. 2. The firm (make) good profits this year. 3. Doctors (learn) a great deal in the last fifty years. 4. He (add) five pounds to the first prize which is now 100 pounds. 5. Our students (progress) very well this term so far. 6. Nobody (discover) a cure for the common cold yet, but they (invent) a mechanical heart. 7. I’m afraid we must drink tea. I (forget) to buy coffee. 8. The room is very cold. The fire (go) out.
II. Put in since or for, whichever is appropriate. Remember that since mentions a point of previous time and for mentions the total period up to now.
1. I have been awake _____ three hours - _____ six o’clock.
2. We have been working _____ nine o’clock - _____ five hours. 3. That old apple tree has been standing _____ fifty years - _____ grandfather’s wedding day. 4. The weather has been very cold _____ Christmas - _____ a month now.
5. The aerodrome has been out of use _____ ten years - _____ the new one was opened.
III. Put the verbs into the correct form: Present Perfect or Past Simple.
Examples:
I (lose) my key. I can’t find it anywhere.
I have lost my key ….
(you/see) the film on television last night?
Did you see…
1. Jill (buy) a new car two weeks ago. 2. His hair is very short. He (have) haircut. 3. Last night I (arrive) home at half past twelve. I (have) a bath and then I (go) to bed.4. (you/visit) many museums when you were in Paris? 5. My bicycle isn’t here any more. Somebody (take) it? 6. I (not/eat) anything yesterday because I (not/feel) hungry.
IV. Which is the correct form?
1. Have you ever seen / did you ever see a rock concert?
2. I saw / have seen the Rolling Stones last year.
3. The Stone’s concert has been / was excellent. 4. I have bought / bought all their records after the concert.
5. - How long have you known / do you know Peter?
- I know him / have known him since we were at school together.
- When did you get / have you got married to him?
- We have been / are together for over ten years, and we have got / got married eight years ago.
V. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Perfect to show the previous cause of a later effect, result, consequence or interest.
1. Our guest (meet) before so we didn’t need to introduce them to one another.
2. The old man (be) a great traveller in his youth and could tell a tale about many strange places.3. Mary (prepare) our meals on the previous day so she was able to visit her sister in the country. 4. They (not eat) for twenty-four hours and were very hungry. 5. The ground was under water because it (not stop) raining for six days and nights. 6. He lived quietly on a little money he (save) before his retirement.
VI. Join the pairs of sentences, using the conjunctions in brackets. Put one of the verbs into the Past Perfect.
Example:I had a bath. I went to bed (after),
After I’d had a bath, I went to bed.
1. I read the letter. I threw it away (when). 2. He passed his driving test. He bought a car (as soon as). 3. I took the book back to the library. I finished reading it (when). 4. I spent all my money. I went home (when). 5. I read the book. I saw the film (before).
VII. Open the brackets using Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous or Past Simple.
1. They (drive) in the car for many hours before they (come) to the crossroads. 2. The scientists (carry) out dozens of experiments before they (achieve) satisfactory results. 3. At last the postman (bring) the letter which I (expect) several weeks. 4. He told me he (not see) much of her since he (move) to another place. 5. He (consult) his watch nervously several times before he (see) her at the end of the platform.
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